Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

15
Jahre,
108). Hanfstaengl’s suggestion (according to his own account) that great propaganda capital could be gained from it persuaded Hitler to become involved. Hitler’s ‘worries’ in Berchtesgaden doubtless included the proceedings just begun against him for breach of the peace, which threatened to put him behind bars again for at least two months to complete the partly suspended sentence of January 1922.
    139 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
163–4.
    140 .
MK
, 768. His account of the Ruhr occupation is
MK
, 767–80.
    141 . See
JK,
692, for the first usage, on 18 September 1922; also Maser,
Frühgesch – ichte,
368 n.II.
    142 .
JK,
783.
    143 .
JK,
781–6.
    144 . Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
368–9.
    145 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
164.
    146 .
JK,
802–5.
    147 .
JK,
805–26; Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
362–4; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
375.
    148 . Röhm, 2nd edn, 150–51. See also Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
361–2; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
375–6; and Hans Mommsen, ‘Adolf Hitler und der 9. November1923’, in Johannes Willms (ed.),
Der
9.
November. Fünf Essays zur deutschen Geschichte,
Munich, 1994, 33–48, here 40.
    149 . Wolfgang Horn,
Der Marsch zur Machtergreifung. Die NSDAP bis 1933,
Königstein/Ts./Düsseldorf, 1980, 102.
    150 .
JK,
811.
    151 . See n.191 below.
    152 . Müller,
Wandel,
144–8.
    153 . Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
374, 376–7; Bennecke, 69.
    154 . Röhm, 2nd edn, 158–60; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
376–8; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
36–76. Röhm’s break with Pittinger’s Bund Bayern und Reich at the end of January meant the split of the former VVVB into its ‘white-blue’ and nationalist components (Röhm, 2nd edn, 152–3; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
37–9).
    155 . Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 38; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
42. ‘Orgesch’, named after its leader Georg Escherich, loosely linked together Einwohnerwehren within and outside Bavaria.
    156 .
JK,
1109–11; Bennecke, 66–70; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
55, 59–61;
Hitler-Prozeß,
LI. In his recollections of the year of the putsch, Theodor Endres, at the time Lieutenant-Colonel and 1. General Staff Officer under Lossow in Wehrkreiskommando VII, underlined the close connections between the Reichswehr in Bavaria and the Hitler Movement, which won notable support among the troops. Officers were willing to put in extra hours to train the nationalist paramilitaries (ΒHStA, Abt. IV, HS-925, Theodor Endres, ‘Aufzeichnungen über den Hitlerputsch 1923’, 10).
    157 . Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
43. Some 1,300 SA men took part on 25 March 1923 as a contingent of almost 3,000 paramilitaries in combined military exercises near Munich (Röhm, 2nd edn, 170; Bennecke, 57–8). The fact that Röhm had named Reichswehr officers as leaders of the exercise was publicized by the Social Democrats in the
Münchener Post
and led to a ban on members of the Reichswehr joining the patriotic organizations. Röhm had to resign the leadership of the Reichsflagge in Munich (Röhm, 2nd edn, 177; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
75–6).
    158 . Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
43, 65.
    159 . Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
59.
    160 . Hitler’s memorandum, which Röhm regarded as the Working Community’s political programme, was dated 19 April 1923 (Röhm, 2nd edn, 175–7).
    161 .
JK,
1136; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
43; Feuchtwanger, 124.
    162 . Röhm, 2nd edn, 164–6.
    163 . Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 30.
    164 .
JK, 1111
; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
53–4; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
383.
    165 .
JΚ,
1136; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
55. The conflict between Seeckt and Lossow lasted until the autumn. At a meeting on 7 April in Berlin, Seeckt demanded that Lossow maintain independence of political parties and paramilitary organizations. Lossow had told Seeckt that he could not dispense with the ‘patriotic associations’ that controlled 51 per cent of the weapons in Bavaria (Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
68).
    166 .
JK
, 1111.
    167 .
JK, 1110
.
    168 . Deuerlein,
Putsch,
56.
    169 . Cit. Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
76.
    170 . Gordon, 194, 196.
    171 . Deuerlein,
Putsch,
56–7; Benz,
Politik in Bayern,
125; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
81.
    172 . Gordon, 196–7; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
80.
    173 . Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
393.
    174 . Gordon, 196–200; Deuerlein,
Putsch,
56–60; Franz-Willing,
Krisenjahr,
79–83; BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 19–23. See Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
170–73 for the police report of the demonstration on