Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

und das Dritte Reich,
Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 1977, i.279–80.
    10 .
DBFP,
2nd Ser., iv.401.
    11 . StA München, GS Ebersberg, 11 February 1933; see also BHStA, MA 106672, RPvNB/OP, 3 February 1933.
    12 .
Münchner Neueste Nachrichten,
31 January 1933. The journalist was Erwein Freiherr von Aretin, a monarchist who was to be taken into ‘protective custody’ a few weeks later.
    13 . Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
288;
TBJG,
I.2, 357 (31 January 1933, unpubl.).
    14 . See Hoffmann, 69, for Hitler’s praise and surprise at Goebbels’s ability to stage it at such short notice.
    15 .
TBJG,
I.2, 358 (31 January 1933). The British Ambassador reported: ‘During the demonstration Herr Göring, the President of the Reichstag, took possession of the microphone and after delivering a speech of the usual turgid kind handed the instrument to his followers. Berlin radio listeners were consequently deprived of their evening’s entertainment and treated to an absurdly sentimental account of the torchlight procession and the final triumph of the National Socialist movement’
(DBFP,
2nd Ser., iv.402).
    16 .
TBJG,
I.2, 358, 31 January 1933;
DBFP,
2nd Ser., iv.402.
    17 . See Melita Maschmann,
Fazit. Mein Weg in der Hitler-Jugend,
5th paperback edn, Munich, 1983, 7–9; André François-Poncet,
Souvenirs d’une ambassade à Berlin, Septembre 1931–Octobre 1938,
Paris, 1946, 70; Frank, 111; Harry Graf Kessler,
Tagebücher 1918–1937,
Frankfurt am Main, 1961, 704.
    18 . Maschmann, 8, 17–19.
    19 . Hans-Jochen Gamm,
Der Flüsterwitz im Dritten Reich,
Munich, 1963, 8. Sir Horace Rumbold remarked that the President normally retired at 7 p.m. but stood at his window until after midnight, saluting the cheering crowd
(DBFP,
2nd Ser., iv.401). (Actually, as photos show, the President was seated, not standing. See the photo in Hans Otto Meissner,
30.Januar 1933. Hitlers Machtergreifung,
Munich, 1979, between 178 and 179.)
    20 . Papen, 264.
    21 . Papen, 264;
TBJG,
358 (31 January 1933); Frank, 111.
    22 . Papen, 264.
    23 . Norbert Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”. Anmerkungen zu einem historischen Begriff’, VfZ, 31 (1983), 136–45, here 139, 142.
    24 .
Monologe,
I55; Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”’, 136.
    25 .Frei, ‘“Machtergreifung”‘,esp. 141–2.
‘Machtergreifung’
(‘seizure of power’)ap-pears, from Frei’s findings (143), to have been more a product of the historical writing of the 1950s than a term widely used during the Third Reich itself.
    26 . Papen, 264.
    27 . See Nipperdey, ‘1933 und Kontinuität der deutschen Geschichte’, esp. 94–101. As Nipperdey points out (93), there were also important and long-standing counter-continuities in German history – such as ideas of democracy and liberalism – that suffered an abrupt and lengthy break in 1933.
    28 . Nipperdey, ‘1933 und Kontinuität der deutschen Geschichte’, 100–101.
    29 . See Richard Bessel, ‘1933: A Failed Counter-Revolution’, in Ε. Ε. Riche (ed.),
Revolution and Counter Revolution,
Oxford, 1991, 109–227, esp. 120–21; and Martin Broszat
et al.
(eds.),
Deutschlands Weg in die Diktatur,
Berlin, 1983, 95 (comment of Richard Löwenthal). See also Horst Möller, ‘Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung. Konterrevolution oder Revolution?’,
VfZ,
31 (1983), 25–51; Jeremy Noakes, ‘Nazism and Revolution’, in Noel O’Sullivan (ed.),
Revolutionary Theory and Political Reality,
London, 1983, 73–100; and for Hitler’s views on revolution, Zitelmann,
Hitler. Selbstverständnis eines Revolutionärs,
44–86.
    30 .
Akten der Reichskanzlei. Die Regierung Hitler. Teil I: 1933/34, e
d. Karl-Heinz Minuth, 2 vols., Boppard am Rhein, 1983, i.XVII.
    31 . Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk,
Staatsbankrott,
Göttingen, 1974, 185; Krosigk,
Es geschah,
I99; see also Papen, 260, and John L. Heinemann,
Hitler’s First Foreign Minister,
Berkeley, 1979, 65.
    32 .
AdR, Reg. Hitler,
I–4.
    33 . See Rudolf Morsey, ‘Die deutsche Zentrumspartei’ in Matthias and Morsey,
Ende der Parteien,
281–453, here 340–43; and Rudolf Morsey, ‘Hitlers Verhandlungen mit der Zentrumsführung am 31. Januar 1933’,
VfZ,
9 (1961), 182–94. See also Karl Dietrich Bracher, Gerhard Schulz and Wolfgang Sauer,
Die nationalsozialistische Machtergreifung
(1960), paperback edn, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin/Vienna, 3 vols., 1974, i. 85.
    34 . Bracher
et al., Machtergreifung,
i.89.
    35 . Brüning,
Memoiren,
ii.684;
AdR, Reg. Hitler,
2. Franz Gürtner was only confirmed in his