Krimkrieg: Der letzte Kreuzzug (German Edition)

Monument (Chicago 2004), S. 29 f.
2
Ibid., S. 30.
3
N. Teriatnikov, Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute (Washington 1998), S. 3; The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text ,übers. von S. Cross und O. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), S. 111.
4
T. Stavrou, »Russian Policy in Constantinople and Mount Athos in the Nineteenth Century«, in: L. Clucas (Hrsg.), The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe (New York 1988), S. 225.
5
Nelson, Hagia Sophia , S. 33.
6
A. Ubicini, Letters on Turkey , übers. von Lady Easthope, 2 Bde. (London 1856), Bd. 1, S. 18–22.
7
Hopwood, The Russian Presence in Palestine and Syria , S. 29.
8
Pavlowitch, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Serbia , S. 72; B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford 2002), S. 31.
9
Bailey, British Policy , S. 19–22; D. Ralston, Importing the European Army. The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600–1914 (Chicago 1990), S. 62 f.
10
W. Miller, The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913 (Cambridge 1913), S. 18.
11
Aksan, Ottoman Wars , S. 49.
12
Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War , S. 41 f.
13
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question , S. 33 f., 101–104; Aksan, Ottoman Wars , S. 290–296; Prousis, Russian Society , S. 31, 50 f.
14
A. Sajontschkowski, Wostotschnaja woina 1853–1856 , 3 Bde. (St. Petersburg, 2002), Bd. 1, S. 8, 19; Wyskotschkow, Imperator Nikolai I , S. 141; M. Gerschenson, Epocha Nikolaja I (Moskau 1911), S. 21 f.
15
Tjutschewa, Pri dwore dwuch imperatorow , S. 96 f.
16
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy , Bd. 1: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton 1995), S. 382; D. Goldfrank, »The Holy Sepulcher and the Origin of the Crimean War«, in: E. Lohr und M. Poe (Hrsg.), The Military and Society in Russia 1450–1917 (Leiden 2002), S. 502 f.
17
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question , S. 167–176.
18
Ibid., S. 187.
19
Aksan, Ottoman Wars , S. 346–352.
20
P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford 1994), S. 658 ff.
21
Seaton, The Crimean War , S. 36.
22
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question , S. 361 f., 366.
23
FO 97/404, Ponsonby an Palmerston, 7. Juli 1834; Florescu, The Struggle against Russia , S. 135–160.
24
F. Lawson, The Social Origins of the Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad Ali Period (New York 1992), Kap. 5; Aksan, Ottoman Wars , S. 363–367; A. Marmont, The Present State of the Turkish Empire , übers. von F. Smith (London 1839), S. 289.
25
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question , S. 468 f.
26
Sajontschkowski, Wostotschnaja woina , Bd. 1, S. 235.
27
FO 181/114, Palmerston an Ponsonby, 6. Dez. 1833; S. Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838 and 1839 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), S. 12; Bailey, British Policy , S. 53.
28
L. Levi, History of British Commerce, 1763–1870 (London 1870), S. 562; Bailey, British Policy , S. 74; J. Gallagher und R. Robinson, »The Imperialism of Free Trade«, in: Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6/1 (1953); FO 78/240, Ponsonby an Palmerston, 25. Nov. 1834; D. Urquhart, England and Russia (London 1835), S. 110.
29
Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston , S. 85.
30
Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia , S. 103.
31
Ibid., S. 211 f., 220.
32
India, Great Britain, and Russia (London 1838), S. 1 f.
33
R. Shukla, Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853–1882 (Neu-Delhi 1973), S. 27.
34
Gammer, Muslim Resistance , S. 121.
35
J. Pardoe, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1836 , 2 Bde. (London 1854), S. 32.
36
C. White, Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844 , 3 Bde. (London 1846), S. 363. Siehe auch E. Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, & c., including a Steam Voyage down the Danube from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea in 1836 , 2 Bde. (London 1837).
37
Urquhart, England and Russia , S. 86.
38
Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning , Bd. 2, S. 17.
39
Ibid., S. 104. Zum Freimaurertum im 19. Jahrhundert siehe die zahlreichen Werke von Paul Dumont, darunter »La Turquie dans les archives du Grand Orient de France. Les loges maçonniques d’obédience française à Istanbul du milieu du XIX e siècle à la veille de la Première Guerre Mondiale«, in: J.-L. Bacqué-Grammont und S. Dumont (Hrsg.), Économie et société dans l’empire ottoman (fin du