Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

political opponents.
    12 . Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone,
23; Tyrell,
Trommler,
137.
    13 . Tyrell,
Trommler, 266 n
.25; Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone, 15–6.
    14 . Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
205; see Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 35 n.158; Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone,
23, 25.
    15 . See, esp., Klaus Theweleit,
Männerphantasien,
Rowohlt edn, 2 vols., Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1980.
    16 . Tyrell,
Trommler,
28, 197 n.104.
    17 . Based on Röhm,
Die Geschichte eines Hochverräters,
esp. pt.II, chs.13–20, 75–145; and Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone,
15–22. See also the biographical sketch by Conan Fischer, ‘Ernst Julius Röhm – Stabschef der SA und Außenseiter’, in Ron Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.),
Die braune Elite,
Darmstadt, 1989, 212–22, and the character study by Joachim C. Fest in his
The Face of the Third Reich,
Pelican edn, Harmondsworth, 1972, 207–25.
    18 . Heiden,
Hitler,
124.
    19 . The above relies mainly on Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone,
24–6; and Bennecke, 28–30. Hitler’s proclamation of 3 August 1921, creating the party’s own paramilitary organization, is printed in Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
144.
    20 . Cooperation with Ehrhardt came to an end with Klintzsch’s resignation from the SA to return to his naval company on 11 May 1923 (Bennecke, 28–9).
    21 . See Heiden,
Hitler,
121–2.
    22 . Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 35 n.158.
    23 . Longerich,
Die braunen Bataillone,
26–8.
    24 . Spindler, i.464; Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
244.
    25 . Dietmar Petzina, Werner Abelshauser and Anselm Faust (eds.),
Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch, Band III. Materialen zur Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914–1945,
Munich, 1978, 83.
    26 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
145–6.
    27 . Heiden,
Hitler,
125.
    28 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
150–51, 154; Heiden,
Hitler,
125.
    29 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
147–9.
    30 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
147. The speaker at the SPD meeting, Erhard Auer, suffered an attempt on his life, which the Social Democrats suspected the Nazis of being involved in, on 25 October 1921 (Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
301; see Hitler’s comments in
MK
, 562–3).
    31 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
147.
    32 .
MK
, 563–7; and Heinz, 117–20, an eye-witness account of a Nazi supporter which also glorifies the brawl. Hitler’s words to the SA before the meeting, and reports on the content of the speech, ‘Who Are the Murderers?’, are reproduced in
JK
,513.
    33 .Hanfstaengel, 15
Jahre,
59; and see Kurt G.W. Ludecke (= Lüdecke), I
Knew Hitler. The Story of a Nazi Who Escaped The Blood Purge,
London, 1938, 123.
    34 . Spindler, i.466–8.
    35 . Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
247–9 (quotation, 248). In one incident, in September 1922, for which a National Socialist was arrested, hand-grenades made by a party comrade in Munich, a watch-maker by trade, were thrown at the Mannheim stock-exchange.
    36 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
153–4.
    37 .
JK,
578–80.
    38 .
JΚ,
625. Esser and Eckart made vague menacing noises about the party’s possible retaliation should Hitler be expelled (Franz-Willing,
Ursprung,
246–8).
    39 .
JK,
679 and n.1.
    40 . Bennecke, 42; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36. By the end of the year, the SA’s numbers had risen to about 1,000 men, almost three-quarters of them based in Munich (Bennecke, 45).
    41 .
JK
, 687.
    42 . Ernst Deuerlein,
Der Hitler-Putsch. Bayerische Dokumente zum 8./
9.
November 1923,
Stuttgart, 1962, 42 – 4; Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
155–6; Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 36 and n.160; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
353–4; Fenske, 182–4. Deuerlein,
Putsch,
43, has the demonstration taking place on the Karolinenplatz; Fenske, 184, on the Königsplatz. Since the squares are almost adjacent to each other, it seems likely that the demonstration spilled over into both.
    43 . Lüdecke, 59–61 (where the events are misdated – and followed in this by Toland, 118 – to 20 September 1922). In a court case in 1925, in which Hitler alleged slander against Pittinger, he claimed that the latter had attempted the same thing in 1922 that had proved unsuccessful for him the following year (
RSA
, I, 10–14, here 11).
    44 . Wolfgang Benz (ed.),
Politik in Bayern. Berichte des württembergischen Gesandten Carl Moser von Filseck,
Stuttgart, 1971, 108; Deuerlein,
Putsch,
44; Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
156.
    45 . Hitler’s account is in
MK
, 614–18; Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-38, contains reports of the Vorstand of the Bezirksamt