Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

Matzerath,
Nationalsozialismus und kommunale Selbstverwaltung,
Stuttgart, 1970, 79–80). See also Jeremy Noakes, ‘Oberbürgermeister and Gauleiter. City Government between Party and State’, and Horst Matzerath, ‘Oberbürgermeister im Dritten Reich’, both in Hirschfeld and Kettenacker,
Der ‘FührerStaat’
, 194–227, 228–54.
    225 . See Zofka, 238–86 for examples.
    226 . Martin Broszat and Norbert Frei (eds.),
Das Dritte Reich im Überblick. Chronik, Ereignisse, Zusammenhänge,
Munich, 1989, 195, 212; Kater,
Nazi Party,
262 (Figure 1).
    227 . Broszat
et al., Bayern in der NS
–
Zeit,
i.494.
    228 . Cit. Thamer, 299.
    229 . E.g. see Allen, 222–32; Koshar, 253ff.
    230 . Allen, 222.
    231 . Thamer, 305. Hitler had promised a ‘far-reaching moral renewal
(Sanierung)
of the public body’, including education, theatre, film, literature, press, and radio (Domarus, 232 (23 March 1933)).
    232 . Paul Meier-Benneckenstein,
Dokumente der deutschen Politik, Bd .1,
2nd edn, Berlin, 1937, 263–4; Heiber,
Goebbels-Reden,
i.90.
    233 . Thamer, 301.
    234 . See, from an extensive literature, the outstanding work of Michael H. Kater,
The Twisted Muse. Musicians and their Music in the Third Reich,
New York/Oxford, 1997.
    235 . J. M. Ritchie,
German Literature under National Socialism,
London/Canberra, 1983, 9–10. The regime remained cool towards Hauptmann, recognizing the superficiality of his commitment to National Socialism.
    236 . Cit. Thamer, 300–301.
    237 . Cit. Hans Mommsen, ‘Der Mythos des nationalen Aufbruchs und die Haltung der deutschen Intellektuellen und funktionalen Eliten’, in
1933 in Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft,
ed. Pressestelle der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 1983, 127–41, here 132.
    238 . Ritchie, 48–9.
    239 . Cit. Thamer, 301.
    240 . Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 132.
    241 .Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 129, 132.
    242 . Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 131.
    243 . See the entries in Thomas Mann,
Diaries, 1918–1939,
paperback edn, London, 1984, 141–51 (1–13 April 1933).
    244 . Mann,
Diaries,
I50 (9 April 1933). And see Thamer, 302.
    245 . Cit. Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 134.
    246 . See Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 132–5.
    247 . Thamer, 303.
    248 . See Gerhard Sauder,
Die Bücherverbrennung,
Munich/Vienna, 1983.
    249 . Cit. Sauder, 181 (and see also 177).
    250 . Mommsen, ‘Mythos’, 128; Thamer, 304.
    251 . Cit. Thamer, 305.
    252 . Ian Kershaw,
The ‘Hitler Myth’. Image and Reality in the Third Reich,
Oxford (1987), paperback edn., 1989, 53, 55.
    253 . Beatrice and Helmut Heiber (eds.),
Die Rückseite des Hakenkreuzes. Absonderliches aus den Akten des Dritten Reiches,
Munich, 1993, 119–20 and n.1, 181–3.
    254 . Rolf Steinberg,
Nazi-Kitsch,
Darmstadt, 1975.
    255 . Kershaw,
The ‘Hitler Myth’,
57–9.
    256 . BAK, R43II/1263, Fols. 93, 164.
    257 . Broszat,
Der Staat Hitlers,
I26–7.
    258 . Kershaw,
The ‘HitlerMyth’,
61, cit.
Schwäbisches Volksblatt,
9 September 1933.
    259 . BHstA MA-106670, RPvOB, 19 August 1933; Heiber,
Rückseite,
9.
    260 . Above from Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
309–17.
    261 . See Papen, 261.
    262 .
TBJG,
I.2, 410 (23 April 1933, unpubl.).
    263 .
RGBl,
I933, Teil I, Nr.86, 529–31.
    264 . On Gütt, see Wistrich,
Wer war wer,
I06; Gisela Bock,
Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik,
Opladen, 1986, 25.
    265 .
AdR, Reg. Hitler,
664–5; Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics’, 84–7.
    266 . Bock, 8, 238.
    267 . Guenter Lewy,
The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany,
London, 1964, 77; ch.3 deals with the background to the Concordat, and the important role played by Kaas. See also Conway, 24–8.
    268 . Conway, 41.
    269 . Lewy, 88–9.
    270 . Papen, 281; Lewy, 77–8.
    271 . Lewy, 72–7.
    272 .
AdR, Reg. Hitler,
683; Lewy, 78. He had also not thought it possible, he said, that the Vatican would be so quickly ready to abandon the Christian trade unions and political parties.
    273 . Lewy, ch.4, esp. 99, 103–4. The text of the pastoral letter is printed in Müller,
Katholische Kirche,
I63–73.
    274 .Alfons Kupper (ed.),
Staatliche Akten über die Reichskonkordatsverhandlungen 1933,
Mainz, 1969, 293–4, Nr.117.
    275 . Conway, 33.
    276 . Kurt Meier,
Kreuz und Hakenkreuz. Die evangelische Kirche im Dritten Reich,
Munich, 1992, 42.
    277 . Bracher
et al., Machtergreifung,
i.452; Domarus, 290–91.
    278 . Conway, 49.
    279 . Above from Conway, 34–55.
    280 . The term is the subtitle of the first volume of Gerhard L. Weinberg’s