Jerusalem. The Biography

show
the connections of the Prophet and the dynasties of Islam.
Ali and Fatima’s descendants are known as the Sherifs (Ashraf)
and as sayyids.

CRUSADER KINGS OF JERUSALEM 1099–1291
     
    Ruling kings and queens are in bold capitals; consort titular kings are in roman capitals

     

THE HASHEMITE (SHERIFIAN) DYNASTY 1916–
     
    Rulers are in capitals; dates refer to the dates of their reigns
     

     

 

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

Notes
     
    PREFACE
     
1 Aldous Huxley quoted in A. Elon,
Jerusalem
62. G. Flaubert,
Les Oeuvres complètes
1.290. Flaubert on Jerusalem: Frederick Brown,
Flaubert
231–9, 247, 256–61. Melville on Jerusalem: H. Melville,
Journals
84–94. Bulos Said quoted in Edward W. Said,
Out of Place
7. Nazmi Jubeh: interview with author. David Lloyd George in Ronald Storrs,
Orientations
394 (henceforth Storrs). For my introduction I am indebted to the superb discussions of identity, coexistence and culture in Levantine cities in the following books: Sylvia Auld and Robert Hillenbrand,
Ottoman Jerusalem: Living City 1517–1917
; Philip Mansel,
Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean
; Mark Mazower,
Salonica: City of Ghosts
; Adam LeBor,
City of Oranges: Jews and Arabs in Jaffa
.
    PROLOGUE
     
1 Josephus,
The New Complete Works
, ‘The Jewish War’ (henceforth JW) 5.446–52. This account is based on Josephus; the Roman sources; Martin Goodman,
Rome and Jerusalem: the Clash of Ancient Civilisations
(henceforth Goodman), and also the latest archaeology.
2 JW 5.458–62, 4.324.
3 JW 4.559–65.
4 JW 5.429–44.
5 JW 6.201–14. All biblical quotations from the Authorized Version: Matthew 8.22.
6 JW 6.249–315.
7 JW 9. Tacitus,
Histories
13. This account of the archaeology is based on: Ronny Reich, ‘Roman Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus’ Account and Archaeological Record’, in G. Theissen et al. (eds),
Jerusalem und die Länder
. City peculiar, bigotry: Tacitus 2.4–5. Jews and Jerusalem/Syrians/death agony of a famous city/Jewish superstitions/600,000 inside: Tacitus 5.1–13. Jerusalem before siege: JW 4.84–5.128. Titus and siege: JW 5.136–6.357. Demolition and fall: JW 6.358–7.62. Titus’ prowess: Suetonius,
Twelve Caesars
5. Prisoners and death: Goodman 454–5. Josephus saved crucified and friends: Josephus, ‘Life’419 and JW 6.418–20. One-third of population dead: Peter Schäfer,
History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World
(henceforth Schäfer) 131. Arm of woman/burnt house: Shanks 102. Escape of Christians: Eusebius,
Church History
3.5. Escape of ben Zakkai: F. E. Peters,
Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims and Prophet from the Days of Abraham to the Beginning of Modern Times
(henceforth Peters) 111–20. Ronny Reich, Gideon Avni, Tamar Winter,
Jerusalem Archaeological Park
(henceforth
Archaeological Park
) 15 and 96 (Tomb of Zechariah). Oleg Grabar, B. Z. Kedar (eds),
Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem’s Sacred Esplanade
(henceforth
Sacred Esplanade
): Patrich, in
Sacred Esplanade
37–73.
    PART ONE: JUDAISM
     
1 Ronny Reich, Eli Shukron and Omri Lernau, ‘Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem: Findings from the Iron Age II in the Rock-Cut Pool near the Spring’,
Israel Exploration Journal
57 (2007) 153–69. Also conversations with Ronny Reich and Eli Shukron. On population and shrine-castles over springs: conversations with Rafi Greenberg. Richard Miles,
Ancient Worlds
1–7.
2 Tel Armarna: I. Finkelstein and N.A. Silberman,
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Text
(henceforth Finkelstein/Silberman) 238–41. Peters 6–14.
3 Egypt, Moses and Exodus: Exodus 1. ‘I am who I am’: Exodus 3.14. Abraham covenant: Genesis 17.8–10. Melchizedek King of Salem: Genesis 14.18. Isaac: Genesis 22.2. Ramases II and Exodus: Toby Wilkinson,
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt
(henceforth
Egypt
) 324–45; Merneptah 343–5; Israel, Sea Peoples, Philistines 343–53. Nature of God and the two biblical writers: Lester L. Grabbe,
Ancient Israel
150–65. Finkelstein/Siblerman 110. Robin Lane Fox,
Unauthorized Version
49–57, 57–70, 92, 182, 198–202. Wayne T. Pitard, ‘Before Israel: Syria–Palestine in the Bronze Age’, in M. Coogan (ed.),
Oxford History of the Biblical World
(henceforth
Oxford History
) 25–9. Edward F. Campbell, ‘A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from Death of Solomon to the