Jerusalem. The Biography

embraces 130–2. Russian shoot-out in Sepulchre; Martin Gilbert,
Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century
(henceforth Gilbert,
JTC
) 20. Eduard Radzinsky,
Rasputin
180–3. Hummel,
Patterns of the Sacred
39–61.
6 This account is based on the Parker family archive: special thanks to the present Earl of Morley and his brother the Hon. Nigel Parker for their help and papers.
TheTimes
(London) 4 May 1911.
New York Times
5 and 7 May 1911. Major Foley,
Daily Express
3 and 10 October 1926. Philip Coppens, ‘Found: One Ark of the Covenant?’,
Nexus Magazine
13/6, October–November 2006. Silberman 180–8. On riots and high jinks: Vester 224–30. Pappe 142.
7 1910–14. Rogan 147–9. 1908 to rise of Enver: Karsh 95–117. Majower: 280–90 Excitement 1908: Marcus,
Jerusalem 1913
66–8, 186. Young Turks and Three Pashas: Finkel 526–32. Abdul-Hamid’s clock: Krämer 75. Visit of Pr Eitel Fritz 1910, fight at Sepulchre; Gilbert,
JTC
20–4; Zionist settlement and politics 25–40. Jerusalem as Babel by Weizmann 3–4. Wasserstein 70–81. Augusta Victoria: Storrs 296. Enver coup: Karsh 94–101. Pappe 139–150.
8 Jemal Pasha/First World War. Arrival of Pasha, and ‘beautiful’ parade of Mecca Sheikh Sayeed Alawi Wafakieh with green flag, Wasif 1:167. Kress von Kressenstein on Sheikh’s parade and Suez expedition, Sean McMeekin,
Berlin–Baghdad Express
, 166–179. Jemal, al-Salahiyya, Enver visit: Wasif 1.232.
OJ
57–62. Pappe 150–9. Most quotes from Jemal are either from the diaries of his private secretary Falih Rifki quoted in Geoffrey Lewis, ‘An Ottoman Officer in Palestine 1914–18’, in Kushner,
Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period
403–14, or from Djemal Pasha,
Memoirs of a Turkish Statesman 1913–19
. Franz von Papen,
Memoirs
70. Terror, urban planning in Damascus: Burns,
Damascus
263–5. Rudolf Hoess,
Commandant of Auschwitz
38–41. Rudolf Hess: Vester 209 and 263. On high politics/military: Karsh 105–17; Suez attacks 141; repression of Zionists, NILI spy-ring 160–70. Krämer 143–7. Finkel 533–40. On war declaration and al-Aqsa allegiance, Count Ballobar and Jemal: Segev,
Palestine
15–20. Hanging Mufti of Gaza: Storrs 371; Jews welcome Kressenstein 288; on Ballobar 303. Arrival of Armenians: Hintlian,
History of the Armenians in the Holy Land
65–6. Gilbert,
JTC
41–5. Jemal character: Vester 259–67; destruction of Jerusalem plan 81; Rudolf Hess in Jerusalem 208–9 and 263. Fromkin: Jemal terror 209–11. Military campaign: Roger Ford,
Eden to Armageddon: World War I in the Middle East
311–61. Jemal takes Faisal to hangings; Jemal, Enver most ruthless: T. E. Lawrence,
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
(henceforth Lawrence) 46, 51. The start of the war: George Hintlian, ‘The First World War in Palestine and Msgr. Franz Fellinger’, in Marion Wrba,
Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the 19th and Early 20th Century
179–93. Wasserstein 70–81. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70.
9 Death and sex under Jemal. This section is based on the diarists Wasif, Ihsan Turjman, Khalil Sakakini. Political thought, Jerusalem life, nationalism, Jemal and Turkish debauchery, prostitutes in schools, at Turkish parties, on street, Tennenbaum: Salim Tamari, ‘The Short Life of Private Ihsan: Jerusalem 1915’,
JQ
30, Spring 2007. Vester, 264–7, 270–1. Wasif 1.160, 167, 168–9, 190, 204, 211, 217, 219, 231. Tamari, ‘Jerusalem’s Ottoman Modernity’,
JQ
9, Summer 2000. Adel Manna, ‘Between Jerusalem and Damascus: The End of Ottoman Rule as Seen by a Palestinian Modernist’,
JQ
22–23, Autumn/Winter 2005. Jemal repressions: Karsh 161–70. On Syrian nationalism and terror: see Khoury,
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism
. Pappe 150–9.
Offer of Wailing Wall to Jews: Henry Morgenthau,
United States Diplomacy on the Bosphorus: The Diaries of Ambassador Morgenthau 1913–1916
400: thanks to George Hintlian for bringing this to my attention. Jemal and Jews/Albert Antebi exiled October 1916; asks Jemal ‘What have you done to my Jerusalem?’: Marcus,
Jerusalem 1913
138–44; 156–9. Jews, deportations, tired of hangings, Aaronsohn/ NILI: Karsh 166–70. Jemal’s peace offer: Raymond Kevorkian,
Le Génocide des Arméniens
ch. 7 . Prostitution: Vester 264. Leah Tennenbaum and Villa Leah: Segev,
Palestine
7. On Jemal, Leah Tennenbaum, feasts, and bons mots on Three Pashas see Conde de Ballobar,
Diario de Jerusalén
– 26 May 1915 and 9 July 1916. On analysis of Ballobar, see R. Mazza, ‘Antonio