Mayflower

Americana, pp. 203–7. See also the biographical sketch of Bradford in Robert Anderson’s The Pilgrim Migration, pp. 62–66. I am indebted to local historian Malcolm Dolby for a tour of both Austerfield and Scrooby and whose monograph William Bradford of Austerfield is extremely helpful; see also Bradford Smith’s Bradford of Plymouth. On the Geneva Bible, which was in essence the Puritan Bible, see Adam Nicolson’s God’s Secretaries: The Making of the King James Bible, pp. 58–59, 68, 229–30. Edmund Haller in The Elect Nation writes of the importance of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs to England’s sense of historical and spiritual entitlement, pp. 14–15.
    My account of the Pilgrims’ spiritual beliefs is drawn from a wide range of sources, but I found the following works to be especially helpful: Horton Davies’s Worship and Theology in England: From Cranmer to Hooker, 1534–1603; The Worship of the American Puritans, also by Davies; Francis Bremer’s The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards; Keith Thomas’s Religion and the Decline of Magic; Theodore Bozeman’s To Live Ancient Lives; Philip Benedict’s Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism; Diarmaid MacCulloch’s The Reformation; and Patrick Collinson’s The Religion of Protestants. On covenant theology, the stages by which a Puritan tracked the workings of the Holy Spirit, and Separatism, I have looked to Edmund Morgan’s excellent summary of Puritan beliefs in Roger Williams: The Church and the State, pp. 11–27, as well as his Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea, especially pp. 18–32. I am also indebted to James Baker’s invaluable input.
    An unattributed pamphlet entitled St. Helena’s Church, Austerfield, Founded 1080 refers to an article by the Reverend Edward Dunnicliffe that claims the date of the stone carving of the snake over the south doorway of St. Helena’s “is much earlier than the rest of the church Viz:—Probably the Eighth Century.” For information on William Brewster and the manor house at Scrooby, see Henry Martyn Dexter and Morton Dexter’s The England and Holland of the Pilgrims, pp. 215–330, and Harold Kirk-Smith’s William Brewster: The Father of New England. Bradford’s account of the Pilgrims’ escape from England is in OPP, pp. 12–15. On the challenges English Separatists experienced in Holland, see Francis Bremer’s The Puritan Experiment, pp. 30–32. Jeremy Bangs, who provided me with an illuminating tour of Pilgrim sites at Leiden, describes De Groene Poort in “Pilgrim Homes in Leiden,” NEHGR 154 (2000), pp. 413–45. Bangs tells of the working life in Leiden in Pilgrim Life in Leiden, pp. 22–23, 28, 41. Edmund Morgan in American Slavery, American Freedom writes, “[T]here were times when the most industrious farmer could find no good way to keep himself and the men he might employ continuously busy…. John Law, writingin 1705…took it for granted that the persons engaged in agriculture would be idle, for one reason or another, half the time,” p. 64. Francis Dillon in The Pilgrims: Their Journeys and Their World provides an insightful analysis of the Pilgrims’ attitude toward the rest of the world: “The Pilgrims were never slow in finding little defects in a man’s character and would pounce very quickly on minor sins, but were continually being foxed by major rogues. Perhaps they suffered from moral myopia caused by staring too hard at the Whore of Babylon,” p. 84.
    Bradford provides a moving, heartfelt sketch of Brewster in OPP, pp. 325–28. For a documentary history of King James’s pursuit of William Brewster, see Edward Arber’s The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers, pp. 197–228. John Navin in Plymouth Plantation argues that had Brewster been allowed to carry forward the negotiations, “the separatist vanguard might not have lost a major portion of its members,” p. 201. For information on the Virginia Company and the British colonization of America, I have looked to Viola Barnes’s The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy, pp. 1–9, and Bernard Bailyn’s The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 2–5. Samuel Eliot Morison in “The Plymouth Colony and Virginia” in the Virginia