Bunker Hill

thanks to Erik Goldstein, curator of Mechanical Arts and Numismatics at Colonial Williamsburg, for his late-inning input; thanks to Gregory Whitehead for asking the right questions.
    I also want to thank Caroline Keinath at the Adams National Historic Site in Quincy, Massachusetts; Elizabeth Watts Pope at the American Antiquarian Society, in Worcester, Massachusetts; the staffs of the many sites of the Boston National Historical Park, but especially Sean Hennessey and Marty Blatt at the Charlestown Navy Yard; Richard Spiver and Richard Tourangeau at the Bunker Hill Monument and Museum; and William Barlow for his “tower tour” of historic Boston. Thanks also to Brian Lemay, Elizabeth Roscio, Nathaniel Sheidley, and Marieke Van Damme at the Bostonian Society; to Peter Harrington at the Brown University Library; and to Leslie Tobias-Olsen at the John Carter Brown Library, both in Providence, Rhode Island; to Gavin W. Kleespies at the Cambridge Historical Society; to Barbara DeWolfe, Brian Dunnigan, Clayton Lewis, and Janet Bloom at the Clements Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan; to Andre Ashby of the Independence National Historic Site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; to the staffs of the many sites operated by the Lexington Historical Society; to Peter Drummey, Anne Bentley, Anna Cook, and Liz Francis at the Massachusetts Historical Society; to the staffs of the sites associated with Minute Man National Park in Concord, Massachusetts; to Tal Nadan and Thomas Lannon at the New York Public Library; to Jane Hennedy and Andrew Boisvert of the Old Colony Historical Society in Taunton, Massachusetts; to the staffs of the Old North Church and of the Paul Revere House, both in Boston; to the staff of the Royall House and Slave Quarters in Medford, Massachusetts; to the staff of the Jason Russell House in Arlington, Massachusetts; to Emily Curran at the Old South Meetinghouse; and to James Shea, Anita Israel, and David Daly at Washington’s Headquarters/Longfellow House in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
    For reading and commenting on the manuscript I am indebted to J. L. Bell, Philip Budden, Dr. Samuel Forman, William Fowler, Erik Goldstein, Peter Gow, Michael Hill, Paul Lockhardt, Jennifer Philbrick McArdle, Bruce Miller, Melissa D. Philbrick, Marianne Philbrick, Samuel Philbrick, Thomas Philbrick, Gregory Whitehead, and Hiller Zobel. All errors of fact and interpretation are mine and mine alone.
    At Viking Penguin, I have been privileged to work, once again, with the incomparable Wendy Wolf. Thanks also to Clare Ferraro, Nancy Sheppard, Margaret Riggs, Francesca Belanger, Katherine Griggs, James Tierney, Andrew Duncan, Louise Braverman, Meghan Fallon, and Carolyn Coleburn. Thanks to Miranda Ottewell for the copyediting and to Margaret Moore Booker for the index. Thanks also to Jeffrey Ward for the maps.
    My agent, Stuart Krichevsky, has been showing me the way for more than fourteen years; thanks again, Stuart, for your friendship and guidance. Thanks also to his associates Shana Cohen and Ross Harris. Thanks to Meghan Walker of Tandem Literary for keeping me connected to my readers through my Web site and social media.
    Finally, a special thanks to my wife, Melissa, and to all our family members for your support and patience.

Notes
    Abbreviations
    AAS —American Antiquarian Society
    AA4 —American Archives
, 4th series, edited by Peter Force
    BAR —
The Beginnings of the American Revolution
, edited by Ellen Chase
    CHS —Cambridge Historical Society
    CKG —The Correspondence of King George the Third
, vol. 3, edited by John Fortescue
    DAR —Documents of the American Revolution
, edited by K. G. Davies
    DJW —Dr. Joseph Warren
, by Samuel Forman
    EIHC —Essex Institute Historical Collections
    FYAR —The First Year of the American Revolution
, by Allen French
    HSOB —History of the Siege of Boston
, by Richard Frothingham
    JEPC —The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775
, edited by William Lincoln
    LAR —Letters of the American Revolution
, edited by Margaret Willard
    LJA —Letters of John Andrews
    LJW —The Life of Joseph Warren
, by Richard Frothingham
    MHS —Massachusetts Historical Society
    NDAR —Naval Documents of the American Revolution
, edited by William Bell Clark
    NEHGR —New England Historical and Genealogical Register
    NEQ —New England Quarterly
    NYPL —New York Public Library
    OPAR —Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion
, by Peter Oliver
    PGW —The