Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

of Nazism,
London, 1983 and Udo Kissenkoetter,
Gregor Strasser und die NSDAP,
Stuttgart, 1978. Kissenkoetter provides a brief biographical sketch in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds.),
Die braune Elite,
Darmstadt, 1989, 273–85.
    68 . Nyomarkay, 72–3. In southern Germany, by contrast, the 222 local branches before the putsch (all but thirty-seven in Bavaria), compared with only 140 by late 1925.
    69 .Tyrell,
Führer, 97–9.
    70 . See Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
207; Tyrell,
Führer,
113; Nyomarkay, 71–89; Jeremy Noakes, ‘Conflict and Development in the NSDAP 1924–1927’,
Journal of Contemporary History, 1
(1966), 3–36.
    71 . Noakes,
Nazi Party,
65.
    72 . Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
207.
    73 . Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
210–11; Noakes,
Nazi Party,
84–5.
    74 . See Krebs, 187. Goebbels’s radical, ‘national’ brand of ‘socialism’ is heavily emphasized by Ulrich Höver,
Joseph Goebbels – ein nationaler Sozialist,
Bonn/Berlin, 1992.
    75 .
TBJG,
I. i, 99 (27 March 1925). Three substantial biographies of Goebbels appeared during the 1990s: Ralf Georg Reuth,
Goebbels,
Munich, 1990; Höver (who, however, deals in detail only with the period before 1933); and David Irving,
Goebbels. Mastermind of the Third Reich,
London, 1996. Shorter character sketches are provided by Elke Fröhlich in Smelser-Zitelmann,
Die braune Elite,
52–68, and Fest,
Face of the Third Reich,
130–51.
    76 . Peter Hüttenberger,
Die Gauleiter. Studie zum Wandel des Machtgefüges in der NSDAP,
Stuttgart, 1969, 33, 223; Shelley Baranowski,
The Sanctity of Rural Life. Nobility, Protestantism, and Nazism in Weimar Prussia,
New York/Oxford, 1995, 136.
    77 .
TBJG, I.1
, 127 (11 September 1925).
    78 . For public consumption at least, Hitler did not distance himself from the idea at this time. Replying for Hitler on 4 June 1925 to a query from a party sympathizer, Heß was apologetic about the absence of trade unions attached to the Movement, which he blamed on lack of funding (Sonderarchiv Moscow, 1355-I-2, Fol.22, Heß to Alfred Barg, Kohlfurt-Dorf).
    79 . Noakes,
Nazi Party,
85–6.
    80 . See Krebs, 119.
    81 . Krebs, 187.
    82 . This and the following paragraph are based on Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
207–11. See also Noakes,
Nazi Party,
71.
    83 .
TBJG, I.1
, 126 (11 September 1925). For Fobke’s description of Strasser, see Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
208.
    84 . Though the meeting had not attained all its goals, Goebbels noted his satisfaction: ‘Everything then, just as we wanted’ (
TBJG,
I.1, 126 (11 September 1925)).
    85 . The Göttingen group had regarded the Community as a vehicle for representing its views within the movement, for blocking electoral participation, and for purging the party of Esser and his clique (Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution, 211).
    86 . Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
212–13. The
Briefe
appeared for the first time on 1 October 1925. The statutes were approved at the second meeting of the Community, held at Hanover on 22 November 1925.
    87 . Tyrell,
Führer,
116–17; Nyomarkay, 80–81; Kühnl, 321ff. Gregor Strasserrecommended to Goebbels the exclusion of all personal factors in the case of Esser and Streicher. Both were in demand as speakers in northern Gaue.
    88 . Tyrell,
Führer,
115–16; Nyomarkay, 80–81; Noakes,
Nazi Party,
74.
    89 . Tyrell,
Führer,
119; Noakes, ‘Conflict’, 23ff.; Orlow, i.67–8.
    90 . Noakes,
Nazi Party,
74–5.
    91 . Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
223.
    92 . Jochmann, N
ationalsozialismus und Revolution,
220; TBJG, I.1, 157 (21 January 1926); Noakes,
Nazi Party,
76; Tyrell, ‘Gottfried Feder and the NSDAP’, 48–87, here 69; Horn,
Marsch,
237.
    93 . Jochmann,
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
222. It is possible that there was direct criticism of Hitler. But the two witnesses, Otto Strasser, and Franz Pfeffer von Salomon – speaking many years after the events – cannot be relied upon. (See Noakes,
Nazi Party,
76–8.)
    94 . Horn,
Marsch,
237–8; Gerhard Schildt, ‘Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nord-West. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der NSDAP 1925/6’, Diss.Phil., Freiburg, 1964, 148ff. Hitler had initiated the division of the Reich into
Gaue
following the refoundation of the party in 1925. There was a good deal of amalgamation and renaming of them in the late 1920s before the organizational structure of the party’s