Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

1963, esp. ch.1–2; Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
31–8; and, in particular, Kuhn,
Hitlers außenpolitisches Programm,
31–59, esp. 56.
    130 . Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
33–4.
    131 . Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 283, 291; Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
35–6; Geoffrey Stoakes,
Hitler and the Quest for World Dominion,
Leamington Spa, 1987, 137.
    132 . Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 284–91; Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
35.
    133 . Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 285, 289–90; Stoakes, 122–35.
    134 .
JK,
96; Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
39.
    135 .
JK,
427. See also Binion,
Hitler among the Germans,
59. The May 1921 speech was shortly after Hitler’s first visit to Ludendorff, who may have put the idea intohis head (Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 30 n. 127). By the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia had withdrawn from the war at a cost of conceding vast tracts of territory to Germany.
    136 .
JK,
505; Stoakes, 96.
    137 . See Stoakes, 120–21.
    138 . Stoakes, 118–20.
    139 . See Stoakes, 135, for Ludendorff’s views, and the possibility of his influence on Hitler.
    140 .
JK,
773 (trans., Stoakes, 137).
    141 . See Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’; the text is printed in
JK,
1216–27.
    142 . See Heiden,
Hitler,
188.
    143 . Woodruff Smith, 110–11, 164.
    144 . See Woodruff Smith, esp. ch.6.
    145 . Woodruff Smith, 224–30. Despite a turgid style, the novel sold 265,000 copies between 1926 and 1933 (Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum”’, 433).
    146 . Woodruff Smith, 223, 240; Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum’”, 430–33. The part played by
‘Lebensraum’
in Hitler’s changing ideas on foreign policy at this time is brought out by Kuhn, ch.5, pt.3, 104–21, esp. 115–17.
    147 . Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 293 and n.67.
    148 . For Haushofer’s denial at Nuremberg that Hitler had understood his works, see Lange, ‘Der Terminus “Lebensraum”’, 432 (where serious doubt is cast on that assertion).
    149 . Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
37, points out that it is impossible to establish plainly the direct influence on the development of Hitler’s ideas during the period in Landsberg. Maser,
Hitler,
187, takes for granted, on the basis of comments in
Mein Kampf,
that Hitler knew the theories of Haushofer, Ratzel, and – though he did not read English – the Englishman Sir Halford Mackinder. Haushofer visited Heß in Landsberg. He later admitted that he had seen Hitler, though he denied seeing him alone (Toland, 199). His name does not appear in the list of Hitler’s own visitors (Horn, ‘Ein unbekannter Aufsatz Hitlers’, 293, n.68).
    150 . See Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
37; Kuhn, 104–21.
    151 . Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
38–41.
    152 .
MK
, 741–3(trans., slightly amended,
ΜK
Watt, 597–8). The first edition of
Mein Kampf
had ‘Persian Empire’
(Perserreich),
not ‘giant Empire’
(Riesenreich)
(Hammer, 175; Jäckel,
Hitlers Weltanschauung,
45 n.32).
    153 .
Hitlers Zweites Buch. Ein Dokument aus dem Jahr 1928,
ed. Gerhard L. Weinberg, Stuttgart, 1961; republished under the title ‘Außenpolitische Standorts-bestimmung nach der Reichstagswahl Juni-Juli 1928’, in
RSA,
IIA.
    154 .
Monologe,
262.
    155 .
JK,
1210; Tyrell,
Führer,
64; Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
155.
    156 . Tyrell,
Trommler,
166–7.
    157 . See Eitner, 75–84.
    158 .See Tyrell,
Trommler,
167.
    159 .
MK,
229–32 (quotations 231–2).
    160 .
MK,
650–51 (trans.,
MK
Watt, 528).
    161 .
MK,
70.
    162 . Bullock’s formulation
(Hitler,
804) – ‘an opportunist entirely without principle’ in a system whose theme was ‘domination, dressed up as the doctrine of race’ – was guided by Hermann Rauschning,
Die Revolution des Nihilismus. Kulisse und Wirklichkeit im Dritten Reich,
Zürich/New York, 1938, esp. pt.1.
    163 . Tyrell,
Führer,
85.
    164 . Jochmann, 134 (Fobke to Haase, 21 August 1924).
    165 . See Tyrell,
Trommler,
174.
    166 . See Broszat,
Der Nationalsozialismus, 21–2: ‘The National Socialist ideology has correctly been spoken of as a mixed-brew, a conglomeration, a mush of ideas.’ (‘Man hat mit Recht von der Weltanschauung des Nationalsozialismus als von einem Mischkessel, einem Konglomerat, einem “Ideenbrei” gesprochen’.)
    167 . See above, n.162.
CHAPTER 8: MASTERY OVER THE MOVEMENT
    1 . BAK, R43 I/2696, Fol.528. See also Thomas Childers (ed.),
The Formation of the Nazi Constituency,