The End of My Addiction

alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. American Journal of Medicine 112 , 226–229.
    American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
    Anton, R. F., Moak, D. H. and Latham, P. (1995) The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: a self-rated instrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19 , 92–99.
    Carta, G., Satta, R., Pani, L., Colombo, G., Gessa, G. L. and Nava, F. (2001) Baclofen suppression of alcohol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Pharmacological Research 43 (Suppl. A), 35.
    Colombo, G., Agabio, R., Carai, M. A. M., Lobina, C., Pani, M., Reali, R., Addolorato, G. and Gessa, G. L. (2000) Baclofen ability in reducing alcohol intake and withdrawal severity: I—preclinical evidence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24 , 58–66.
    Colombo, G., Serra, S., Brunetti, G., Atzori, G., Pani, M., Vacca, G., Addolorato, G., Froestl, W., Carai M. A. M. and Gessa, G. L. (2002) The GABA B receptor agonists baclofen and CGP 44532 prevent acquisition of alcohol drinking behavior in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37 , 499–503.
    Davidoff, R. A. (1985) Antispasticity drugs: mechanisms of action. Annals of Neurology 17 , 107–116.
    Di Chiara, G. (1995) The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 38 , 95–137.
    Garbutt, J. C., West, S. L., Carey, T. S., Lohr, K. N. and Crews, F. T. (1999) Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. Journal of the American Medical Association 281 , 1318–1325.
    Kalivas, P. W. (1993) Neurotransmitter regulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Research Reviews 18 , 75–113.
    Koob, G. F., Sanna, P. P. and Bloom, F. E. (1998) Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron 21 , 467–476.
    Kranzler, H. R. (2000) Pharmacotherapy of alcoholism: gaps in knowledge and opportunities for research. Alcohol and Alcoholism 35 , 537–547.
    Krupitsky, E. M., Burakov, A. M., Ivanov, V. B., Krandashova, G. F., Lapin, I. P., Grienko, A. J. and Borodkin, Y. S. (1993) Baclofen administration for the treatment of affective disorders in alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 33 , 157–163.
    Lehert, P. (1993) Review and discussion of statistical analysis of controlled clinical trials in alcoholism. Alcohol and Alcoholism 28 (Suppl. 2), 157–163.
    Ling, W., Shoptaw, S. and Majewska, D. (1998) Baclofen as a cocaine anti-craving medication: a preliminary clinical study. Neuropsychopharmacology 18 , 403–404.
    Secretary of Health and Human Services (1997) Ninth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health , NIH publication no. 97-4017. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    Spanagel, R. and Weiss, F. (1999) The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status. Trends in Neurosciences 22 , 521–527.
    Spielberg, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. and Lushene, R. E. (1983) Manual for the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory . Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA.
    Swift, R. M. (1999) Drug therapy for alcohol dependence. New England Journal of Medicine 340 , 1482–1490.
    Yoshida, M., Yokoo, H., Tanaka, T., Emoto, H. and Tanaka, M. (1994) Opposite changes in the mesolimbic metabolism in the nerve terminal and cell body sites induced by locally infused baclofen in the rat. Brain Research 636 , 111–114.
    Zung, W. W., Richards, C. B. and Short, M. J. (1965) Self-rating depression scale in an outpatient clinic. Further validation of the SDS. Archives of General Psychiatry 13 , 508–515.

 
    Abstract
    Addolorato G., Leggio L., Ferrulli A., et al. (2007) Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet , 370(9603) (8 December 2007–14 December 2007), 1915–1922.
    Summary
    Background
    Intervention to achieve alcohol abstinence represents the most effective treatment for alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis; however, anticraving drugs might worsen liver disease. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of baclofen in achieving and maintaining alcohol abstinence in patients with liver cirrhosis.
    Methods
    Between October, 2003, and November, 2006, 148 alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis