Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

and 35–40 for the build-up to the expulsion.
    69 .
TBJG, I.1,
569 (I July 1930).
    70 .
TBJG, I.1
570 (3 July 1930).
    71 .
TBJG, I.1,
572 (6 July 1930).
    72 .
TBJG,.I.1, 576
(16 July 1930), with reference to the suggestion – which in the event did not materialize into anything – that Gregor Strasser should become Minister for the Interior and for Labour in Saxony.
    73 .
TBJG, I.1,
582 (29 July 1930). The former Barlow-Palais in Briennerstraße had been bought by the NSDAP on 26 May 1930 – the earlier headquarters in Schellingstraße had become far too cramped, given the party’s expansion – and was soon known as the ‘Brown House’. A special levy of at least 2 Marks per head for party members (though not SA and SS members) was imposed to help fund the purchase. (See
RSA,
III/3, 207–9, and 209 n.17.)
    74 .
TBJG, I.1,
581 (28 July 1930).
    75 .
RSA
, III/3, 249 n.4.
    76 . Orlow, i.210–11; Tyrell,
Führer,
312; Nyomarkay, 102.
    77 .
RSA,
III/3, 264;
TBJG, I.1,
566 (26 June 1930).
    78 . Tyrell,
Führer,
332–3. See
TBJG, I.1,
571 (5 July 1930): ‘
Gregor ist voll Sauwut auf seinen Bruder’
(‘Gregor is in a steaming rage at his brother’).
    79 . See Benz/Graml,
Biographisches Lexikon,
333, for a brief summary of Otto Strasser’s subsequent political career.
    80 . Thomas Childers,
The Nazi Voter. The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1933,
Chapel Hill/London, 1983, 138–9, 317 n.72, cit.
VB,
20–21 July 1930; Orlow, i.183.
    81 . A brown uniform, based on the khaki shirts and trousers of the German colonial troops in East Africa before the war, had been worn by stormtroopers as early as 1921. It was officially adopted by the party in 1926, after which the term ‘Brownshirts’ was used to depict the NSDAP, especially by the opponents of the Nazis (Benz, Graml, and Weiß,
Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus,
403).
    82 .Wilfried Boehnke,
Die NSDAP im Ruhrgebiet, 1920–1933,
Bad Godesberg, 1974, 147, cit.
Dortmunder General-Anzeiger,
5 May 1930.
    83 . Rainer Hambrecht,
Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Mittel und Oberfranken (1925–1933),
Nuremberg, 1976, 201.
    84 . Hambrecht, 186–7.
    85 . Childers,
Nazi Voter,
139;
RSA,
III/3, 114 n.9, 322; Gerhard Paul,
Aufstand der Bilder. Die NS-Propaganda vor 1933,
Bonn, 1990, 125.
    86 . Orlow, i.183;
RSA,
III/3, VIII-X. The following analysis of the speeches is based on the texts of the twenty speeches held from 3 August to 13 September 1930 in
RSA,
III/3, 295–418.
    87 .
RSA
III/3, 408 n.2. According to the police report, which gave the estimated attendance, Hitler made a tired impression at first, and his audience showed signs of being bored, at least by the first part of his speech. Goebbels’s record was quite different. ‘For the first time in Berlin really big,’ he wrote (
TBJG, I.1,
601 (11 September 1930)). Hitler had to cancel a further speech the same evening through exhaustion.
    88 .
RSA,
III/3, 413 n.1.
    89 . See Thomas Childers, ‘The Middle Classes and National Socialism’, in David Blackbourn and Richard Evans (eds.),
The German Bourgeoisie,
London/New York, 1993, 328–40; and Thomas Childers, ‘The Social Language of Politics in Germany. The Sociology of Political Discourse in the Weimar Republic’,
American Historical Review,
95 (1990), 331–58.
    90 .
RSA,
III/3, 368, for example. See also 391.
    91 .
RSA, III/3 ,
317.
    92 .
RSA,
III/3, 411.
    93 .
RSA,
III/3, 355, for example. See also 337, where Hitler indicated that the only way out was through the re-establishment of foreign-political power.
    94 .
RSA , III/3,
410.
    95 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
314. Carl von Ossietzky suffered imprisonment for his attacks on the Reichswehr even during the later years of the Weimar Republic. He was arrested by the Nazis at the end of February 1933 and spent over three and a half years in concentration camps. Following an international campaign, he was awarded at the end of 1936, while still in the hands of the Gestapo, the Nobel Peace Prize for 1935. He died in May 1938 of tuberculosis brought on by the conditions he endured in the concentration camps. (See Benz/Graml,
Biographisches Lexikon,
244; Elke Suhr,
Carl von Ossietzky. Eine Biografíe,
Cologne, 1988.)
    96 . See, for example, Martin Broszat, ‘Zur Struktur der ΝS-Massenbewegung’,
VfZ,
31 (1983), 52–76, esp. 66–7; Michael H. Kater, ‘Generationskonflikt als Entwicklungsfaktor in der ΝS-Bewegung vor 1933’,
Geschichte und Gesellschaft,
11 (1985), 217–43; Jürgen Reulecke,