Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

‘“Hat die Jugendbewegung den Nationalsozialismus vorbereitet?” Zum Umgang mit einer falschen Frage’, in Wolfgang R. Krabbe (ed.),
Politische Jugend in der Weimarer Republik,
Bochum, 1993, 222–43; Ulrich Herbert, ‘“Generation der Sachlichkeit”. Die völkische Studentenbewegung derfrühen zwanziger Jahre in Deutschland’, in Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe and Uwe Lohalm (eds.),
Zivilisation und Barbarei,
Hamburg, 1991, 115–44.
    97 . See Karl Epting,
Generation der Mitte,
Bonn, 1953, 169. For the emphasis on the ‘national community’
(Volksgemeinschaft)
in Nazi ideology, see Bernd Stöver,
Volksgemeinschaft im Dritten Reich,
Düsseldorf, 1993, ch.2.
    98 . Merkl, 12.
    99 . Merkl, 32–3, 453, 522–3.
    100 . The lack of ideological reflection among ‘old fighters’ of the NSDAP and among SA men is emphasized by Christoph Schmidt, ‘Zu den Motiven “alter Kämpfer” in der NSDAP’, in Detlev Peukert and Jürgen Reulecke (eds.),
Die Reihen fast geschlossen,
Wuppertal, 1981, 21–43, here 32–4; and Conan Fischer,
Stormtroopers. A Social, Economic, and Ideological Analysis 1925–35,
London, 1983, ch.6.
    101 . See Noakes,
Nazi Party,
162–82; Orlow, i.193; Tyrell,
Führer,
310.
    102 . Zdenek Zofka,
Die Ausbreitung des Nationalsozialismus auf dem Lande,
Munich, 1979, 89–90, 96, 105–16, 154, 341–50; Baranowski,
Sanctity, 150off.
An over-emphasis on economic rationality as the determinant of Nazi support, as in William Brustein,
The Logic of Evil. The Social Origins of the Nazi Party 1925–1933,
New Haven/London, 1996, nevertheless produces a distorted perspective.
    103 . Falter
et al., Wahlen,
41, 44.
    104 . Falter
et al., Wahlen,
108.
    105 .
TBJG, I.1,
522 (I April 1930)
    106 .
TBJG, I.1,
600 (9 September 1930)
    107 .
Monologe,
170. In a speech on 20 August, he had mentioned the figure of 50 and 100 seats, but only to emphasize that no one could know how the election would turn out, and that the important thing was the continuation of the struggle as soon as it was over
(RSA,
III/3, 359). According to Hanfstaengl, Hitler was privately expecting between thirty and forty seats (Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
207).
    108 .
TBJG, I.1,
603 (15–16 September 1930).
    109 .
TBJG, I.1,
603 (16 September 1930);
Monologe,
170.
    110 . Falter
et al., Wahlen,
44; Broszat,
Machtergreifung,
112–13.
    111 . Jürgen W. Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
Munich, 1991, 111, 365, and see the detailed analysis of Nazi voter support in ch.5.
    112 . Falter
et al., Wahlen,
44; Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
81–101, 365. See also Jürgen W. Falter, ‘The National Socialist Mobilisation of New Voters’, in Childers,
Formation,
202–31.
    113 . Falter
et al., Wahlen,
71–2.
    114 . Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
287.
    115 . Falter,
Hitlers Wähler,
143–6.
    116 . Winkler,
Weimar,
3 89; Jürgen W. Falter, ‘Unemployment and the Radicalisation of the German Electorate 1928–1933: An Aggregate Data Analysis with Special Emphasis on the Rise of National Socialism’, in Peter D. Stachura (ed.),
Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany,
London, 1986, 187–208.
    117 .Falter,
Hitlers Wähler
287–9; Childers,
Nazi Voter,
esp. 268, where he describes the NSDAP as ‘a unique phenomenon in German electoral politics, a catchall party of protest’.
    118 . See, esp., the studies of Mühlberger and Kater mentioned in n.3 to this chapter.
    119 . Mühlberger, 206–7.
    120 . Broszat, ‘Struktur’, 61.
    121 . Hambrecht, 307–8.
    122 . See the studies of Koshar, Heilbronner, and Zofka referred to in ch.8 n.307, and above n.102.
    123 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
318.
    124 . Scholdt, 488.
    125 . Weigand von Miltenberg (= Herbert Blank),
Adolf Hitler–Wilhelm III,
Berlin, 1931, 7; Fabry, 30; Schreiber,
Hitler. Interpretationen,
44 n.64.
    126 . Miltenberg (= Blank), 7.
    127 . See Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
323; Heinrich August Winkler,
Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930 bis 1933,
Berlin/Bonn, 1987, ch.2, pt.3, 207ff; Gerhard Schulz,
Von Brüning zu Hitler. Der Wandel des politischen Systems in Deutschland 1930–1933,
Berlin/New York, 1992, 202–7.
    128 . Cit. Winkler,
Der Weg in die Katastrophe,
209.
    129 . Scholdt, 480–81.
    130 . Scholdt, 494.
    131 . Winkler,
Weimar,
391:
TBJG, I.1,
620 (19 October 1930).
    132 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
325; and see Fabry, 39–40.
    133 .
RSA , III/3,
452/68, and 454 n.1;
RSA,
IV/1, 3–9.
    134 .
RSA,
III/3, 452 n.4; Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
322–3. The article appeared