Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

Unemployed Youth in Hamburg during the World Economic Crisis’, in Evans and Geary,
The German Unemployed,
I42–71; Stachura, ‘The Social and Welfare Implications of Youth Unemployment’; Elizabeth Harvey,
Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany,
Oxford, 1993; Abelshauser
et al., Deutsche Sozialgeschichte,
332–4; Stachura,
The Weimar Republic and the Younger Proletariat;
Peter D. Stachura,
The German Youth
Movement 1900–1945. An Interpretative and Documentary History,
London, 1981; Peter Loewenberg, ‘The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohort’,
American Historical Review , 76
(1971), 1457–1502; Peter D. Stachura,
Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic,
Santa Barbara/Oxford, 1975; and Kater, ‘Generationskonflikt als Entwicklungsfaktor in der NS-Bewegung vor 1933’, 217–43.
    176 . Karin Hausen, ‘Unemployment Also Hits Women: the New and the Old Woman on the Dark Side of the Golden Twenties in Germany’, in Stachura,
Unemployment,
78–120, here esp. 112; Helgard Kramer, ‘Frankfurt’s Working Women: Scapegoats or Winners of the Great Depression?’, in Evans and Geary,
The German Unemployed,
I08–41, here esp. 134; Renate Bridenthal, ‘Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women at Work’,
Central European History,
6 (1973), 148–66; Tim Mason,’Women in Germany, 1925–1940: Family, Welfare, and Work’,
History Workshop Journal, 1
(1976), 74–113; Richard J. Evans, ‘German Women and the Triumph of Hitler’,
Journal of Modern History,
48 (1976, demand supplement), 1–53; Helen L. Boak, ‘Women in Weimar Germany: the “Frauenfrage” and the Female Vote’, in Richard Bessel and E. J. Feuchtwanger (eds.),
Social Change and Political Development in the Weimar Republic,
London, 1981, 155–73, here 165–8.
    177 . See Allen, 146.
    178 . See Allen, 147.
    179 . Statistics on the demographic and social structure of German Jewry are provided in Werner Mosse (ed.),
Entscheidungsjahr. Zur Judenfrage in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik,
Tübingen, 1965, 87–131 (94 for the proportion of Jews in the total population). See also Helmut Genschel,
Die Verdrängung der Juden aus der Wirtschaft im Dritten Reich,
Göttingen, 1966, 20–28.
    180 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
411. See also Tyrell,
Führer,
352, where the membership numbers on 30 January 1933 were given as 1, 435, 530. Since the membership numbers were given out in continuous series and numbers of those leaving the party not renewed, the figures for members actually in the party were substantially lower.
    181 . Fischer,
Stormtroopers,
6.
    182 . Fischer,
Stormtroopers,
ch.6 downplays the role of ideology at all in recruiting for the SA.
    183 . Cit. Niewyk, 82 and n.2.
    184 . Arnold Paucker,
Der jüdische Abwehrkampf gegen Antisemitismus und Nationalsozialismus in den letzten Jahren der Weimarer Republik,
Hamburg, 1968; Niewyk, 86ff.
    185 . Niewyk, 82–6.
    186 . See Peter Gay, ‘In Deutschland zu Hause… Die Juden der Weimarer Zeit’, in Arnold Paucker (ed.),
Die Juden im Nationalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933–1943,
Tübingen, 1986, 31–43.
    187 . Lion Feuchtwanger,
Die Geschwister Oppermann,
Fischer edn, Frankfurt, 1983, 116. The novel brings out brilliantly the anxieties, but also the complacency, in Jewish bourgeois society in the months immediately before Hitler’s takeover of power. See, e.g., 15–16, 69, 119–32.
    188 .Richard J. Evans, ‘Die Todesstrafe in der Weimarer Republik’, in Bajohr
et al., Zivilisation und Barbarei, 156–61;
and Richard J. Evans,
Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600–1987,
Oxford, 1996, ch. 13, esp. 604–10.
    189 . Noakes, ‘Nazism and Eugenics’, 84–5.
    190 . The varied contemporary impressions of Hitler are excellently surveyed in Schreiber, Part I.
    191 . Turner,
German Big Business,
314–15 and 460 n.2; Papen, 225–6. And see, for the Papen-Hitler meeting at Schröder’s house, Turner,
Hitler’s Thirty Days to Power,
42–52.
    192 .
Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung,
ed. Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus beim Zentralkomitee der SED, East Berlin, 1966, iv.604–7.
    193 . Turner,
German Big Business,
315–17.
    194 . Turner,
German Big Business,
311–12.
    195 . Turner,
German Big Business,
321–2.
    196 . Winkler,
Weimar,
570–72; Turner,
German Big Business,
324.
    197 . Papen, 227–8.
    198 . See Winkler,
Weimar,
568.
    199 . Domarus, 175; Papen, 227; Winkler,
Weimar, 569;
see Goebbels,
Kaiserhof,
235 (5 January 1933),
TBJG,
I.2, 328 (6