Science of Discworld III

to the Ephebian philosopher’s. Xeno proved by logic alone that an arrow cannot hit a running man, 4 and that the tortoise is the fastest animal on the Disc. 5 He combined both in one experiment, by shooting an arrow at a tortoise that was racing against a hare. The arrow hit the hare by mistake, and the tortoise won, which proved that he was right. In Pyramids , Xeno describes the thinking behind this experiment.
    ‘’s quite simple,’ said Xeno. ‘Look, let’s say this olive stone is an arrow and this, and this –’ he cast around aimlessly – ‘and this stunned seagull is the tortoise, right? Now, when you fire the arrow it goes from here to the seag— the tortoise, am I right?’
    ‘I suppose so, but—’
    ‘But, by this time, the seagu— the tortoise has moved on a bit, hasn’t he? Am I right?’
    ‘I suppose so,’ said Teppic, helplessly. Xeno gave him a look of triumph.
    ‘So the arrow has to go a bit further, doesn’t it, to where the tortoise is now. Meanwhile the tortoise has flow— moved on, not much, I’ll grant you, but it doesn’t have to be much. Am I right? So the arrow has a bit further to go, but the point is that by the time it gets to where the tortoise is now the tortoise isn’t there. So if the tortoise keeps moving, the arrow will never hit it. It’ll keep getting closer and closer, but it’ll never hit it. QED.’
    Zeno has a similar set-up, though he garbles it into two paradoxes. The first, called the Dichotomy, states that motion is impossible, because before you can get anywhere, you have to get halfway, and before you can get there, you have to get halfway to that, and so on for ever … so you have to co infinitely many things to get started, which is silly. The second, Achilles and the Tortoise, is pretty much the paradox enunciated by Xeno, but with the hare replaced by the Greek hero Achilles. Achilles runs faster than the tortoise – face it, anyone can run faster than a tortoise – but he starts a bit behind, and can never catch up because whenever he reaches the place where the tortoise was, it’s moved on a bit. Like the ambiguous puzuma, by the time you get to it, it’s not there. The third paradox says that a moving arrow isn’t moving. Time must be divided into successive instants, and at each instant the arrow occupies a definite position, so it must be at rest. If it’s always at rest, it can’t move. The fourth of Zeno’s paradoxes, the Moving Rows (or Stadium), is more technical to describe, but it boils down to this. Suppose three bodies are level with each other, and in the smallest instant of time one moves the smallest possible distance to the right, while the other moves the smallest possible distance to the left. Then those two bodies have moved apart by twice the smallest distance, taking the smallest instant of time to do that. So when they were just the smallest distance apart, halfway to their final destinations, time must have changed by half the smallest possible instant of time. Which would be smaller, which is crazy.
    There is a serious intent to Zeno’s paradoxes, and a reason why there are four of them. The Greek philosophers of Roundworld antiquity were arguing whether space and time were discrete, made up of indivisible tiny units, or continuous – infinitely divisible. Zeno’s four paradoxes neatly dispose of all four combinations of continuous/discrete for space with continuous/discrete for time, neatly stuffing everyone else’s theories, which is how you make your mark in philosophical circles. For instance, the Moving Rows paradox shows that having both space and time discrete is contradictory.
    Zeno’s paradoxes still show up today in some areas of theoretical physics and mathematics, although Achilles and the Tortoise can be dealt with by agreeing that if space and time are both continuous, then infinitely many things can (indeed must) happen in a finite time. The Arrow paradox can be resolved by noting that in the general mathematical treatment of classical mechanics, known as Hamiltonian mechanics after the great (and drunken) Irish mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton, the state of a body is given by two quantities, not one. As well as position it also has momentum, a disguised version of velocity. The two are related by the body’s motion, but they are conceptually distinct. All you see is position; momentum is observable only through its effect on the subsequent positions. A body in a given position