The German Genius

concert, see Gramit, Cultivating , pp. 25 and 138.
28. Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 16. For the “depth” of German music, the extent to which its “intellectual” properties set it apart, as a Sonderweg in itself, see Applegate and Potter, eds., Music and German , pp. 40–42 and 51–55.
29. Applegate and Potter, eds., Music and German , pp. 51–52. Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 22.
30. For a more materialistic analysis, see Franz Hadamowsky, Wien, Theatergeschichte von den Anfängen bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs (Vienna: Wancura, 1994), pp. 308–310.31. E. T. A. Hoffmann’s Musical Writings: Kreisleriana, the Poet and the Composer, Music Criticism , ed. David Charlton, trans. Martyn Clark (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
32. Bonds, Music as Thought , pp. 35–40.
33. Again, for a different perspective, concentrating on the music lovers’ societies, see Carl Ferdinand Pohl, Denkschrift aus Anlass des hundertjährigen Bestehens der Tonkünstler-Societät: Im Jahre 1862 reorganisiert als “Haydn,” Witwen-und Waisen-Versorgungs-Verein der Tonkünstler in Wien (Vienna, 1871), pp. 67–69.
34. Applegate and Potter, eds., Music , p. 6. For the link to nationalism, see p. 18 and for the Germanness of music, see p. 2. See also Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 46.
35. Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 51.
36. Abert, Goethe und die Musik , and Ruttkowksi, Literarische Chanson .
37. For a description of the emergence of the concert hall, see Eduard Hanslick, Geschichte des Concertwesens in Wien. 2 vols. (Vienna, 1897), vol. 1, pp. 289f.
38. Applegate and Potter, eds., Music , pp. 2 and 9.
39. Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 87.
40. Beethoven himself did not share many of these views. See Wyn Jones, Symphony , pp. 155ff.
41. Bonds, Music as Thought , p. 106.
    C HAPTER 7: C OSMOS , C UNEIFORM , C LAUSEWITZ
     
1. Mott T. Greene, Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 36.
2. Abraham Gottlob Werner, Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten . Translation and facsimile of original text, tr. and with an introduction by Alexander Ospovat (New York: Hafner, 1971). Original published 1789.
3. Rachael Laudan, From Mineralogy to Geology: The Foundations of a Science: 1650–1830 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 48ff. For Werner’s theory of color, see Patrick Syme, Werner’s Nomenclature of Colours (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1821).
4. Laudan, Mineralogy , p. 49.
5. Ibid., p. 113ff.
6. Ibid., p. 40.
7. Ospovat, op. cit .
8. Laudan, Mineralogy , p. 100.
9. Ibid., p. 105.
10. Ibid., p. 111.
11. Marcus du Sautoy, The Music of the Primes (London: HarperCollins, 2003/2004), p. 20.
12. See Ludwig Schlesinger, “Über Gauss Jugendarbeiten zum arithmetisch-geometrischen Mittel,” Jahresbericht d. Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 20, no. 11–12 (November–December 1911): pp. 396–403.
13. Robert Jordan, “Die verlorene Ceres,” Neueste Nachrichten , Brunswick, May 1, 1927. “ Deter-minatio attractionis, quam in punctum quoduis positionis datae exerceret planeta, si ejus massa per totam orbitam, ratione temporis, que singulae partes describuntur, uniformiter esset dispertita. ” Comment , Göttingen, IV, 1816–1818, pp. 21–48.
14. Du Sautoy, Music of the Primes , p. 109. G. Waldo Dunnington, Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science (New York: Hafner, 1955), pp. 174ff.
15. Morris Kline, Mathematics for Non-Mathematicians (New York: Dover, 1967), p. 456.
16. Dunnington, Carl Friedrich Gauss , pp. 147–162. See also Catherine Goldstein et al., eds., The Shaping of Arithmetic: After C. F. Gauss’s Disquistiones arithmeticae (Berlin: Springer, 2007).
17. Dunnington, Carl Friedrich Gauss , pp. 139ff.
18. Du Sautoy, Music of the Primes , p. 74.
19. For a discussion of the varied forms of homeopathy, see Margery G. Blackie, The Patient Not the Cure: The Challenge of Homeopathy (London: Macdonald & Jane’s, 1976), pp. 3ff. See also Thomas Lindsay Bradford, The Life and Letters of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann (Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, 1895).
20. Martin Gumpert, Hahnemann: The Adventurous Career of a Medical Rebel (New York: L. B. Fischer, 1945), p. 6.
21. Ibid., p. 22. Bradford, Life and Letters , pp. 24–26. For Hahnemann’s contemporaries, see Blackie, Patient , pp. 25ff.
22. Bradford, Life and Letters , p. 35. Blackie, Patient , p. 16.
23. Gumpert, Hahnemann , p. 68.
24. Ibid., p. 70.
25.