The German Genius

Romanticism , trans. Elizabeth Millán-Zaibert (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004). See also Gerald N. Izenberg, Romanticism, Revolution, and the Origins of Modern Selfhood, 1787–1802 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992).
3. Raymond Schwab, The Oriental Renaissance: Europe’s Rediscovery of India and the East 1680– 1880 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 11.
4. Isaiah Berlin, The Sense of Reality (London: Chatto & Windus, 1996), p. 168.
5. Isaiah Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal (London: Chatto & Windus, 2002), p. 60.
6. Nicholas Halmi, The Genealogy of the Romantic Symbol (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 51–53, 63–65, and 144–147.
7. Berlin, Sense of Reality , p. 179.
8. Izenberg, Romanticism , especially parts 1 and 2. Izenberg is particularly helpful on the links between politics and psyche and the role of irony. See also Kathleen M. Wheeler, ed., German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism: The Romantic Ironists and Goethe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), which contains material from the lesser known Romantics: Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, Karl Solger, and Jean Paul Richter.
9. Butler, Tyranny of Greece , p. 6.
10. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal , p. 89.
11. Ibid., p. 91.
12. Ibid., p. 96.
13. Manfred Schröter, ed., “Schelling’s Erster Entwurf ,” in Schellings Werke , 12 vols. (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1927–59), vol. 2, p. 63.
14. See, for example, Karl Jaspers, Schelling: Grösse und Verhängnis (Munich: Piper, 1955), p. 154ff.
15. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal , p. 98.
16. Ibid.
17. Manfred Frank, Das Problem “Zeit” in der deutschen Romantik (Munich: Winkler, 1972), pp. 22–44 and 54–55. Also useful is The Aesthetic and Miscellaneous Works of Friedrich von Schlegel , trans. E. J. Millington (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1849). Includes “On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians.”
18. Berlin, Freedom and Its Betrayal , p. 110.
19. Ibid., p. 111.
20. Ibid., pp. 184–185.
21. Izenberg, Romanticism , pp. 18ff.
22. Robert J. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 18.
23. Ibid., p. 22.
24. Carmen Kahn-Wallerstein, Schellings Frauen: Caroline und Pauline (Bern: Francke, 1959).
25. Richards, Romantic Conception , p. 102.
26. Ibid., p. 8.
27. Ibid., p. 10.
28. Ibid., p. 12.
29. Friedrich Schelling, System des transcendentalism Idealismus (1800), in M. Schröter, Schellings Werke , vol. 2, p. 249.
30. Richards, Romantic Conception , p. 144.
31. Johann Christian Reil, Rhapsodien über die Anwendung der psychischen Curmethode auf Geisteszerrüttungen (Halle: Curtschen Buchhandlung, 1803). See also Henrik Steffens, Johann Christian Reil: Ein Denkschrift (Halle: Curtschen Buchhandlung, 1815).
32. Richards, Romantic Conception , pp. 267ff.
33. Ibid., pp. 305–306.
34. Karl J. Fink, Goethe’s History of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 9.
35. David Simpson, ed., German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
36. Fink, Goethe’s History , p. 17.
37. Ibid., p. 22.
38. Werner Heisenberg, “Die Goethesche und Newtonesche Farbenlehre im Lichte der Modern Physik,” Geist der Zeit 19 (1941): 261–275; Jürgen Blasius, “Zur Wissenschaftstheorie Goethes,” Zeitschrift für philsophisches Forschung 33 (1979): 371–388.
39. Fink, Goethe’s History , pp. 33–34.
40. Ibid., p. 44.
41. Ibid., p. 45.
42. Rupprecht Matthaei et al., eds. “J. W. Goethe, ‘Verhältnis zur Philosophie,’” in Die Schriften zur Naturwissenschaft. 11 vols. in 2 parts (Weimar: Böhlau, 1947), part 1, vol. 4, p. 210.
    C HAPTER 9: T HE B RANDENBURG G ATE, THE I RON C ROSS, AND THE G ERMAN R APHAELS
     
1. This is despite the fact that a long overdue (and excellent) catalogue raisonné of Mengs’s oeuvre was published in 1999. See Steffi Roettgen, Anton Raphael Mengs 1728–1779 , 2 vols. (Munich: Hirmir, 1999). The organization of this work brings out the number of religious pictures by Mengs.
2. Thomas Pelzel, Anton Raphael Mengs and Neoclassicism (New York: Garland Publishing, 1979), p. 1.
3. Ibid., p. 15.
4. Johann Kirsch, Die römischen Titelkirchen im Altertum. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des Altertums, IX (Paderborn: F. Schöningh, 1918), pp. 58ff.
5. Pelzel, Anton Raphael Mengs , p. 66.
6. Ibid., p. 72.
7. Ibid., p. 86.
8. Carl Justi, Winckelmann und