The German Genius

Europe and America , trans. David Fernbach (London: Verso, 2006), pp. 11–15. Volkmar von Zühlsdorff, Hitler’s Exiles: The German Cultural Resistance in America and Europe , trans. Martin H. Bott (London: Continuum, 2004).
2. There is now a sizable literature on German refugees, with a good deal of overlap between titles. Chapters 39 and 40 of this book are devoted to their longer-term cultural and intellectual impact in the United States and the United Kingdom, and my chief sources are given there. Also recommended are Steffen Pross, In London treffen wir uns wieder (Berlin: Eichborn, 2000), the best account in German, useful for that reason alone. Charmian Brinson, et al., eds., “England? Aber wo liegt es?”: Deutsche und österreichische Emigranten in Grossbritannien (Munich: Iudicium, 1996). Reinhold Brinkmann and Christoph Wolff, eds., Driven into Paradise: The Musical Migration from Nazi Germany to the United States (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1999), contains a good chapter on Korngold, pp. 223f., and on Black Mountain College, p. 279. Tom Ambrose, Hitler’s Loss: What Britain and America Gained from Europe’s Cultural Exiles (London: Peter Owen in association with the European Jewish Publication Society, 2001). The Council for Assisting Refugee Academics has recently been commemorated in Jeremy Seabrook’s The Refugee and the Fortress: Britain and the Flight from Tyranny (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
3. Varian Fry, Surrender on Demand (Boulder, Colo.: Johnson Books, 1997); and Andy Marino, American Pimpernel: The Man Who Saved the Artists on Hitler’s Death List (London: Hutchinson, 1999).
4. Rosemary Sullivan, Villa Air-Bel: The Second World War, Escape, and a House in France (London: John Murray, 2006), pp. 83ff. and 251ff.
5. Watson, Modern Mind/Terrible Beauty, p. 356.
6. Ibid., p. 357. The historian Lawrence Wechsler has gone so far as to prepare an “alternative” Hollywood map, displaying the addresses of intellectuals and scholars, as opposed to the more conventional map showing the homes of movie stars.
7. Colin Loader, The Intellectual Development of Karl Mannheim: Culture, Politics, and Planning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 19. Mannheim also became the editor of the International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction, a large series of books published by George Routledge whose authors included Harold Lasswell, professor of political science at Chicago, E. F. Schumacher, Raymond Firth, Erich Fromm, and Edward Shils.
8. Loader, Intellectual Development , p. 162.
9. Thomas K. McCraw, Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 248.
10. Yuichi Shionoya, Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 124.
11. McCraw, Prophet of Innovation , p. 255.
12. Stephen F. Frowen, ed., Hayek: Economist and Social Philosopher; A Critical Retrospect , Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 63ff and 237ff.
13. Andrew Gamble, Hayek: The Iron Cage of Liberty (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), pp. 59ff.
14. Malachi Haim Hacohen, Karl Popper, the Formative Years, 1902–1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 186ff.
15. Anthony O’Hear, ed., Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 45ff and 75ff.
16. Hacohen, Karl Popper , pp. 383ff.
17. O’Hear, ed., Karl Popper , p. 225.
18. Watson, Modern Mind/Terrible Beauty , pp. 374–375.
19. James, Cultural Amnesia , pp. 48ff.
20. Martin Mauthner, German Writers in French Exile (London and Portland, Ore.: Valentine Mitchell, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society, 2007), p. 58. For Clive James’s stylish dismissal of Walter Benjamin, see his Cultural Amnesia , pp. 47–55.
21. Mauthner, German Writers , p. 60.
    C HAPTER 39: T HE “F OURTH R EICH ”: T HE E FFECT OF G ERMAN T HOUGHT ON A MERICA
     
1. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (London: Penguin, 1987), pp. 148–149.
2. Ibid., p. 152.
3. Franz L. Neumann, et al., The Cultural Migration: The European Scholar in America (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 1953), pp. 34–35.
4. Some of the general references on prominent German refugees/exiles in the cultural/scientific spheres were given in Chapter 38, note 2. To them may be added Jean Michel