The German Genius

113.
5. Remy, Heidelberg Myth , pp. 222–223.
6. Ibid., p. 231.
7. Cassidy, Uncertainty , p. 420.
8. Ibid., p. 435. See also Rainer Karlsch, Hitlers Bombe: Die geheime Geschichte der deutschen Kernwaffenversuche (Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2005), p. 72 for Houtermans.
9. Paul Lawrence Rose, Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project: A Study in German Culture (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1998).
10. Karlsch, Hitlers Bombe , pp. 54f. and 107f.
11. Eduard Schönleben, Fritz Todt, der Mensch, der Ingenieur, der National-sozialist: Ein Bericht über Leben und Werk (Oldenburg: G. Stalling, 1943), pp. 108ff.
12. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 317.
13. Cassidy, Uncertainty , pp. 397ff., for a chapter on “German Physics.” See also Karlsch, Hitlers Bombe , pp. 266–270. Karlsch claims the Germans actually built an atomic reactor at Gottow, a village outside Berlin and tested a device on the island of Rügens in March 1945.
14. Although Speer had canceled the German atomic bomb project, the Allies didn’t know that, and, at the time of the D-Day landings in 1944, General Leslie Groves, commanding officer of the Manhattan Project, worried that the Germans “would prepare an impenetrable radioactive defence against our landing troops.” That didn’t materialize and the special group Alsos under the émigré Dutch scientist Samuel Goudsmit, which had been set up to follow the advance troops and investigate German scientific achievements, soon discovered that their bomb research was well behind that of the Allies, even though the institute in Berlin had transferred to a safer location, at Haigerloch in the Swabian Alps. Alsos also discovered that three of the German atom physicists, Walter Gerlach, Kurt Diebner, and Karl Wirtz, had transferred some of their uranium and heavy water to Haigerloch but had left the remainder in the German capital where, to the Allies’s dismay and Stalin’s pleasure, it was discovered by the NKVD (Peoples’ Commissariat for Internal Affairs) on April 24, 1945. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 334.
15. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 253.
16. Ibid., p. 289.
17. Erik Bergaust, Satellite (London: Lutterworth Press, 1957), p. 28, for more of Oberth’s ideas.
18. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 256.
19. Steven Rose, ed., C. B. W. Chemical and Biological Warfare: London Conference on C. B. W. (London and Toronto: Harrap, 1968), passim.
20. I have used Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel: I.G. Farben and the Making of Hitler’s War Machine (London: Bloomsbury, 2008), chaps. 10 and 12. See also Stephan H. Lindner, Inside IG Farben: Hoechst during the Third Reich , trans. Helen Schoop (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), chap. 4.4, pp. 307ff. for Farben’s drug experiments on human subjects.
21. Jeffreys, Hell’s Cartel , pp. 321ff.
22. Many other inmates had their eyes injected with dyes or were shot with poisoned bullets to see how quickly the poisons worked. Ute Deichman, Biologists under Hitler , trans. Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
23. Franz M. Wuketits, Konrad Lorenz: Leben und Werk eines grossen Naturforschers (Munich: Piper, 1990), pp. 108ff.
24. Alex Nisbett, in his 1976 biography of Lorenz, gives a version of this episode that is much kinder to his subject. Alex Nisbett, Konrad Lorenz (London: Dent & Sons, 1976), pp. 78–79. In 1988 Lorenz published The Waning of Humaneness , trans. Robert Warren Kickert (London: Unwin Hyman), without any apparent trace of irony. It had originally appeared in German in 1983.
25. In a textbook, Human Heredity , originally published in Germany in 1927, Fischer wrote an entire section on “Racial Differences in Mankind,” and Fritz Lenz wrote on “Psychological Differences between the Leading Races of Mankind.”
26. For an excellent overview of the medical, legal, and moral issues swirling around sterlization and euthanasia in the Third Reich, and many useful references, see Gisela Bock, “Sterilisation and ‘Medical’ Massacres in National Socialist Germany: Ethics, Politics and the Law,” in Berg and Cocks, eds., Medicine and Modernity , pp. 149–172.
27. Dupuy, Genius for War , p. 253.
    C HAPTER 38: E XILE, AND THE R OAD INTO THE O PEN
     
1. On figures, see, for example, Donald Peterson Kent, The Refugee Intellectual (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953), pp. 11–16; Jean-Michel Palmier, Weimar in Exile: The AntiFascist Emigration in