Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

ΖS-282/52, 63.
    261 . Gritschneder,
Bewährungsfrist,
41.
    262 . Frank, 61.
    263 . Gritschneder,
Bewährungsfrist,
21–2.
    264 . Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
454; Franz-Willing,
Putsch,
109. At some point on 8–9November, an emissary did apparently visit the Crown Prince, though when precisely is unclear (Gordon, 445–6).
    265 . Frank, 60; Gordon, 330–32.
    266 . Gordon, 351–2. Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
141, and Frank, 60, mention the snowy and slushy conditions.
    267 . Gordon, 333; Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
141. The putschists were handed out 2 billion Marks each (Frank, 61).
    268 . Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
457. According to Frau Ludendorff, the suggestion for the march came from the General (Margarethe Ludendorff,
My Married Life with Ludendorff,
London, n.d., c.1930, 251; see also Franz-Willing,
Putsch, 110
).
    269 .
JK,
1117 (28 February 1924); Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
214.
    270 . Gordon, 350–52. Frau Ludendorff had the impression that the purpose of the march – or ‘public procession’ as she called it – was to test popular feeling in support of the overthrow of the Republic and the restoration of the monarchy (Margarethe Ludendorff, 251). Lieutenant-Colonel Endres thought the idea was to use the figure of Ludendorff to win over the Reichswehr to the putsch (BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 51).
    271 . See Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
199.
    272 . Gordon, 357–8; Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
197–8. In the view of one contemporary witness to the events, Lieutenant-Colonel Endres, however, the majority of the people of Munich were unenthusiastic (BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, Endres Aufzeichnungen, 52).
    273 . Frank, 61.
    274 . Frank, 61–2.
    275 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
197; Frank, 61–2.
    276 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
198–9 (Godin’s account); Gordon, 360–65; Deuerlein,
Putsch,
331; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
459–60 (hinting that the police opened fire first).
    277 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
200; Franz-Willing,
Putsch,
116 n.182, 119; Gordon, 364. Two other putschists were killed in the Wehrkreiskommando, making up the sixteen dead in all who were, in the Third Reich, regarded as heroes of the Nazi Movement. The dead policemen have in the much more recent past been commemorated by a memorial near the Feldherrnhalle in Munich’s Odeonsplatz.
    278 .Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
147; Gordon, 353 and n.124, 364 and n.152; Endres Aufzeichnungen, BHStA, Abt.IV, HS-925, 56 (where Endres, critical in every other respect of Hitler’s action in the putsch, was certain that he had thrown himself to the ground at the outbreak of gunfire, and thought this action ‘absolutely right’).
    279 . The initial diagnosis of the doctor in Landsberg, where Hitler was interned, that he had broken a bone in his upper arm, proved mistaken (Schenck, 299–300).
    280 . Gordon, 467.
    281 . Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
144–5; Maser,
Frühgeschichte,
460; Gordon, 469–71. Ludendorff’s wife had initially received the news that he, too, had been killed (Margarethe Ludendorff, 251–2).
    282 . Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
146–9; Toland, 174–6, based on Helene Hanfstaengl’s unpublished notes.
    283 . Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
149.
    284 . Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
147.
    285 . Gordon, 465. According to Hanfstaengl, his wife Helene jerked the revolver from Hitler’s hand as he threatened ‘to end it all’ (Hanfstaengl,
Cosmopolitan,
45).
    286 . Gritschneder,
Bewährungsfrist,
33–4, cit. the report of the Government President of Upper Bavaria on Hitler’s arrest; Gordon, 465–6.
    287 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
201; and see Hanfstaengl, 15
Jahre,
146; Gordon, 413–15, 442–3.
    288 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
202.
    289 . Cit. Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
202, from
Die Welt von gestern,
Stockholm, 1942, 441.
    290 . Auerbach, ‘Hitlers politische Lehrjahre’, 42. It attained twenty-three from 129 seats in the Bavarian Landtag (Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
231).
    291 . Dietrich Thränhardt,
Wahlen und politische Strukturen in Bayern 1848–1953,
Düsseldorf, 1973, 173; Meinrad Hagmann,
Der Weg ins Verhängnis,
Munich, 1946, 14*–20*.
    292 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
427.
    293 . Gordon, 495–503.
    294 . Gordon, 486–95; Seißer was subsequently restored to office, but was never again a powerful figure.
    295 . See Tyrell,
Trommler,
166; and also Mommsen, ‘Adolf Hitler und der 9. November 1923’, 47.
    296 . Gritschneder,
Bewährungsfrist,
citing comments made to him in 1988 by the then ninety-eight-year-old Alois Maria Ott, former Anstalts-Psychologe at Landsberg.
    297 . Röhm, 2nd edn, 272;