Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris

Nürnberg 1929,
Filmedition G140 des Instituts für den wissenschaftlichen Film, Ser.4, Nr.5/G140, Göttingen, 1978, 6–7; Orlow, i.173; RSA, III/2, 313–55, 357–61.
    322 . Otto Wagener,
Hitler aus nächster Nähe. Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten1929–1932,
ed. Henry A. Turner, 2nd edn, Kiel, 1987, 16–17 (and 7–21 for a description of the Rally and the deep impression it made on Wagener). See also the description in
TBJG,
I.i, 403–6(1–6August 1929).
    323 . Tyrell,
Reichsparteitag 1929,
6, 14.
    324 . Orlow, i.167, 169.

CHAPTER 9: BREAKTHROUGH
    1 . Abel, 126–7.
    2 . Abel, 126.
    3 . For the social structure of the party membership, see, among an extensive literature, Kater,
Nazi Party,
and Detlef Mühlberger,
Hitler’s Followers. Studies in the Sociology of the Nazi Movement,
London, 1991 (containing, in ch.1, a detailed survey of the historiography).
    4 . Abel, 119.
    5 . See Juan J. Linz, ‘Political Space and Fascism as a Late-Comer: Conditions Conducive to the Success or Failure of Fascism as a Mass Movement in Inter-War Europe’, in Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust (eds.),
Who Were the Fascists?,
Bergen/Oslo/Tromso, 1980, 153–89.
    6 . Orlow, i.175 and n.166.
    7 . See, amid a vast literature, Harold James,
The German Slump. Politics and Economics, 1924–1936,
Oxford, 1986; and Dieter Petzina, ‘Germany and the Great Depression’,
Journal of Contemporary History,
4 (1969), 59–74; Petzina
et al.,
84, provide the bare statistical indices of the economic crisis and social misery. See also Peukert,
Die Weimarer Republik,
245–6. Wilhelm Treue (ed.),
Deutschland in der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Augenzeugenberichten,
2nd edn, Düsseldorf, 1967, esp. 245–53, provides some contemporary reflections of the social distress.
    8 . Deuerlein,
Aufstieg,
305–6.
    9 .
RSA
, III/3, 63.
    10 . Tyrell,
Führer,
383; Falter
et al., Wahlen,
90, 97, 107, III; Martin Broszat,
Die Machtergreifung. Der Aufstieg der NSDAP und die Zerstörung der Weimarer Republik,
Munich, 1984, 103.
    11 .
RSA,
III/3, 59–60; Fritz Dickmann, ‘Die Regierungsbildung in Thüringen als Modell der Machtergreifung’,
VfZ,
14 (1966), 454–64, here 461.
    12 . See Dickmann, 460–64.
    13 .
RSA
, III/3, 6o.
    14 .
RSA,
III/3, 61–2. Günther was appointed to the Chair of Social Anthropology at Jena in 1930.
    15 . Broszat,
Die Machtergreifung,
108. See Donald R. Tracy, ‘The Development of the National Socialist Party in Thuringia 1924–30’,
Central European History,
8 (1975), 23–50, esp. 42–4, for Frick’s period of office.
    16 . Tyrell,
Führer,
352;
RSA,
III/3, 62 n.22. It has been estimated that real membershipwas probably some 10–15 Per cent below the level given by the party. See ch.8, n 250.
    17 . For the following account, see William Sheridan Allen,
The Nazi Seizure of Power,
revised edn, New York, 1984, here esp. 28–34.
    18 . Allen, 32.
    19 . Allen, 33.
    20 . Allen, 84. See Donald L. Niewyk,
The Jews in Weimar Germany,
Louisiana/Manchester, 1980, ch.3, esp. 79–91, and Sarah Gordon,
Hitler, Germans, and the ‘Jewish Question,’
Princeton, 1984, ch.2, esp. 88–90, for studies supporting this assertion.
    21 . Tyrell,
Führer,
308.
    22 . See Allen, 32–3, and the works by Koshar and Heilbrunner indicated in ch.8 n.307.
    23 . Rudolf Heberle,
From Democracy to Nazism. A Regional Case Study on Political Parties in Germany,
Baton Rouge, 1945, 109–11.
    24 . See Bessel, ‘The Rise of the NSDAP’, 20–29, esp. 26–7.
    25 .
RSA,
III/3, 63.
    26 . Tyrell,
Führer,
327.
    27 . Wagener, 126–7.
    28 . Tyrell, 310, 327–8 (Hierl Denkschrift, 22 October 1929).
    29 . See Wagener, 127, reported comments of Gregor Strasser.
    30 . Winkler,
Weimar,
366–71.
    31 . Broszat,
Die Machtergreifung,
109–10; Winkler,
Weimar,
367, 371.
    32 . Winkler,
Weimar,
368–71.
    33 . Winkler,
Weimar,
363.
    34 .
Quellen zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien,
ed. Karl Dietrich Bracher
et al.,
Bd.4/1,
Politik und Wirtschaft in der Krise 1930–1932. Quellen zur Ära Brüning,
Teil I, Bonn, 1980, 15–18, Doc. 7, here 15 (Aufzeichnung von Graf Westarp über eine Unterredung mit Reichspräsident v. Hindenburg, 15 January 1930); Broszat,
Die Machtergreifung,
110–11.
    35 . Kolb,
Die Weimarer Republik,
127–8; Winkler,
Weimar,
378–81; Broszat,
Die Machtergreifung, 111
.
    36 . See Mommsen,
Die verspielte Freiheit,
320.
    37 . Tyrell,
Führer,
383. The election was held on 22 June 1930. The Nazis