The German Genius

Transatlantic Communication,” Journal for Moravian History 2 (2007). Also personal communication from the author. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 12.
18. Johannes Wallmann, Philipp Jakob Spener und die Anfänge des Pietismus (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1970), p. 300. Martin Brecht, “Philipp Jakob Spener, sein Programm und dessen Auswirkungen,” in Der Pietismus vom siebzehnten bis zum frühen achtzehnten Jahrhundert , vol. 1 of Geschichte des Pietismus: im Auftrag der Historisches Kommission zur Erforschung des Pietismus , ed. Martin Brecht. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1993), p. 315. This is a magisterial four-volume history of Pietism.
19. Martin Brecht, “August Hermann Francke und der Hallische Pietismus,” in Brecht, Pietismus , vol. 1, pp. 440–539.
20. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 94.
21. Ibid., pp. 143–144. The Franckesche Stiftungen still exist in Halle and have been revitalized since reunification. I thank Werner Pfennig for this information.
22. Ibid., p. 145.
23. Wallmann, Philip Jakob Spener , pp. 89–90 and 94–95.
24. Wolf Oschlies, Die Arbeits-und Berufspädagogik August Hermann Franckes (1883–1727): Schule und Leben im Menschenbild des Hauptvertreters des halleschen Pietismus (Witten: Luther-Verlag, 1969), p. 107. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 160.
25. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 183.
26. Martin Brecht, “Der Hallische Pietismus in der Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts—seine Ausstrahlung und sein Niedergang,” in Brecht, Pietismus , vol. 2, pp. 319–357. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 198.
27. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 213.
28. Ibid., p. 221.
29. Hartmut Rudolph, Das evangelische Militärkirchenwesen in Preussen: Die Entwicklung seiner Verfassung und Organisation vom Absolutismus bis zum Vorabend des ersten Weltkrieges (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1973), p. 22. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 225.
30. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 228.
31. Terry Pinkard, German Philosophy 1760–1860: The Legacy of Idealism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 5.
32. Gawthrop, Pietism , p. 241.
33. Ibid., p. 268.
34. Charles E. McClelland, State, Society, and University in Germany, 1700–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 28.
35. Ibid., p. 199.
36. G. von Selle, Die Matrikel der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, 1734–1837. 2 vols. (Hildesheim and Leipzig: A. Lax, 1937), vol. 1, p. 14.
37. McClelland, State, Society , p. 37.
38. Thomas Howard, Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 110.
39. Emil F. Rössler, Die Gründung der Universität Göttingen: Entwürfe, Berichte, und Briefe der Zeitgenossen (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1855), p. 36. McClelland, State, Society , p. 42.
40. McClelland, State, Society , p. 45.
41. Howard, Protestant Theology , pp. 116–117.
42. Ibid., p. 119.
43. Ibid., p. 87.
44. Ibid., p. 55.
45. William Clark, Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 174.
46. Ibid., p. 8.
47. Ibid., p. 237.
48. Ibid., p. 60.
49. McClelland, State, Society , p. 96.
50. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 19.
51. Thomas Ahnert, Religion and the Origins of the German Enlightenment: Faith and the Reform of Learning in the Thought of Christian Thomasius (Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2006). See also Hunter, Rival Enlightenments , and Howard, Protestant Theology , p. 26.
52. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 211.
53. T. C. W. Blanning, The Power of Culture and the Culture of Power: Old Regime Europe, 1660– 1789 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 242.
54. W. H. Bruford, Culture and Society in Classical Weimar, 1775–1806. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), p. 1.
55. Blanning, Power of Culture , p. 133.
56. Ibid. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society , trans. Thomas Burger with the assistance of Frederick Lawrence. (Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press, 1989), p. 72.
57. Pinkard, German Philosophy , p. 7.
58. Blanning, Power of Culture , p. 144. See also the table on p. 145.
59. Ibid., p. 150.
60. Ibid., p. 159. Habermas, Structural Transformation , pp. 25–28.
61. For a note on how Leibniz converted Latin words to German ones, see Christian Mercer, Leibniz’s Metaphysics: Its Origin and Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 278, note 46. See also G. W. Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics and Other Essays , ed.