The German Genius

5.
4. Christopher Charles Parslow, Rediscovering Antiquity: Karl Weber and the Excavation of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 85, 177, and 215–232.
5. E. M. Butler, The Tyranny of Greece over Germany: A Study of the Influence Exercised by Greek Art and Poetry over the Great German Writers of the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Centuries (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), p. 12.
6. Henry Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism in German Literature: From Winckelmann to the Death of Goethe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 6.
7. Butler, Tyranny of Greece , p. 14.
8. Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism , pp. 6–7.
9. Suzanne L. Marchand, Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750–1970 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).
10. Parslow, Rediscovering Antiquity , p. 27.
11. C. W. Ceram, Gods, Graves and Scholars: The Story of Archaeology , trans. E. B. Garside and Sophie Wilkins (London: V. Gollancz, 1971), p. 4. Published originally as Götter, Gräber und Gelehrte (Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1949).
12. Parslow, Rediscovering Antiquity , p. 104. See also Wolfgang Leppmann, Winckelmann (London: Gollancz, 1971), p. 170.
13. Butler, Tyranny of Greece , p. 26.
14. Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism , p. 39. For general background see Josef Chytry, The Aesthetic State: A Quest in Modern German Thought (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1989).
15. J. Eiselein, ed., Johann Winckelmanns sämtliche Werke (Donauöschingen, 1825–29), vol. 6, pp. 297–299.
16. For his comments on the Apollo Belvedere, see Hans Zeller, Winckelmanns Beschreibung des Apollo im Belvedere (Zurich: Atlantis, 1955).
17. Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism , p. 8.
18. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
19. Ibid., p. 6.
20. Ibid., p. 10.
21. Ibid., p. 6.
22. Ibid., p. 20.
23. Butler, Tyranny of Greece , p. 5.
24. Horst Rüdiger, ed., Winckelmanns Tod: Die Originalberichte (Wiesbaden: Insel-Verlag, 1959).
25. Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism , p. 1.
26. Ibid., pp. 334–335.
27. It is as if Goethe’s successors had taken very seriously his admonition that everyone should be a Greek in his own way: “Jeder sei auf seine Art ein Grieche, aber er sei’s.” Hatfield, Aesthetic Paganism , p. 5.
28. H. B. Garland, Lessing: The Founder of Modern German Literature (London: Macmillan, 1963), p. 4.
29. Gustav Sichelschmidt, Lessing: Der Mann und sein Werk (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1989); also Peter Pütz, Die Leistung der Form: Lessings Dramen (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1986).
30. Victor Lange, The Classical Age of German Literature, 1740–1815 (London: Edward Arnold, 1982).
31. Gerhard Kaiser, Klopstock: Religion und Dichtung (Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1963), pp. 133–160 (for the theory of genius) and 204ff.
32. For Klopstock’s literary ambitions for Germany, see Robert M. Browning, German Poetry in the Age of Enlightenment: From Brockes to Klopstock (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1978), pp. 230–231. See also Adolphe Bossert, Goethe, ses précurseurs et ses contemporains: Klopstock, Lessing, Herder, Wieland, Lavater; la jeunesse de Goethe (Paris: Hachette, 1891).
33. Garland, Lessing , p. 12.
34. Sichelschmidt, Lessing , Chapters 5–8.
35. Garland, Lessing , p. 83.
36. Ibid., p. 69.
37. Ibid., p. 32.
38. Ibid., p. 159.
39. Ibid., p. 142.
40. Ibid., pp. 180–181.
41. Pütz, Leistung der Form , pp. 242f.
42. Garland, Lessing , p. 180.
43. Ibid., p. 57.
44. Ibid., p. 198.
45. Alex Potts, Flesh and the Ideal: Winckelmann and the Origins of Art History (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1994), p. 26.
46. The relatively small—but high-powered—world of the German intellectual community can be seen from the range of Wolf’s letters: Wiegfried Reiter, ed., Friedrich August Wolf: Ein Leben in Briefen. 3 vols. (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1935).
47. Marchand, Down from Olympus , p. 19.
48. Ibid., p. 20.
49. Ibid., p. 21.
50. Potts, Flesh and the Ideal , p. 25.
51. Ibid., p. 27.
52. Ibid., p. 28.
53. Ibid.
54. Marchand, Down from Olympus , p. 31.
55. Potts, Flesh and the Ideal , p. 22.
    C HAPTER 4: T HE S UPREME P RODUCTS OF THE A GE OF P APER
     
1. Peter Hall, Cities in Civilisation: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), p. 69.
2. Ibid., p. 72.
3. Bruford, Culture and Society , p. 59.
4. Boyle, Goethe , vol. 1, pp. 236–237.
5. Bruford, Culture and Society , p. 57.
6. Boyle, Goethe , vol. 1,