The German Genius

1904), p. 360.
36. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 403.
37. Ibid., p. 404.
38. See, for example, Justus Liebig, “Der Zustand der Chemie in Preussen,” Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 34 (1884): 123ff. Quoted in Turner, “Prussian Universities,” pp. 408 and 419.
39. Helmut Schelsky, Einsamkeit und Freiheit: Idee und Gestalt der deutschen Universität und ihrer Reformen (Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1963), pp. 131ff.
40. Varrentrapp, Johannes Schulze , pp. 350ff.
41. Lenz, Geschichte , vol. 3, p. 530.
42. Clark, Academic Charisma , pp. 246ff. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 453.
43. F. A. W. Diesterweg, Ueber das Verderben auf den deutschen Universitäten (Essen, 1836), pp. 1f.
    C HAPTER 11: T HE E VOLUTION OF A LIENATION
     
1. Malcolm Pasley, ed., Germany: A Companion to German Studies (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 393.
2. See p. 200 of the English translation of Schelling’s The Grounding of Positive Philosophy , trans. and ed. Bruce Matthews (Albany: State University of New York Press), 2007.
3. Ibid., p. 36. See also Friedrich Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature , trans. Errol E. Harris and Peter Heath, with an introduction by Robert Stern (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
4. For a good translation, more detailed than there is space for here, see Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Lectures on the Philosophy of Spirit; 1827–1828 , trans. with an introduction by Robert R. Williams (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 18ff and 165ff.
5. Pasley, ed. Germany , pp. 397–398. See also Thomas Sören Hoffmann, George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Eine Propädeutik (Wiesbaden: Morix, 2004), pp. 51ff. for his system building, and 278.
6. Pasley, ed. Germany , p. 398. For a discussion of Hegel’s language, see John McCumber, The Company of Words: Hegel, Language and Systematic Philosophy (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1993), especially part 3, pp. 215ff.; and Klaus Grotsch, ed., Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Gesammelte Werke; in Verbindung mit der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft herausgegeben von der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Volume 10: Nürnberger Gymnasialkurse und Gymnasialreden (1808–1816) (Hamburg: Meiner, 2006).
7. Pasley, ed. Germany , p. 399.
8. Ibid., p. 401.
9. McCumber, Company of Words , p. 328, feels this is a circular, self-referential argument.
10. Hoffmann, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , pp. 197ff.
11. These different forms, of course, have ethical and economic implications. See Albena Neschen, Ethik und Ökonomiein in Hegels Philosophie und in modernen wirtschaftsethischen Entwürfen (Hamburg: Meiner, 2008).
12. Pasley, ed. Germany , p. 406.
13. David T. McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Marx (London: Macmillan, 1969), p. 2.
14. Wilhelm Lang, “Ferdinand Bauer und David Friedrich Strauss,” Preussische Jahrbücher 160 (1915): pp. 474–504.
15. Heston Harris, David Friedrich Strauss and His Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 41ff. For his dismissal from the seminary, see pp. 58ff.
16. C. A. Eschenmayer, Der Ischariothismus unserer Tage (Tübingen: Ludwig Friedrich Fues, 1835). See also Jörg F. Sandberger, David Friedrich Strauss als theologischer Hegelianer: Mit unveröffentlichten Briefen (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1972); and David F. Strauss, The Old Faith and the New: A Confession , authorized translation from the sixth edition by Mathilde Blind (London: Asher, 1873).
17. McLellan, Young Hegelians , p. 88. Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christentums. 2 vols. (Berlin: Akademi-Verlage, 1956). Originally published by Otto Wigand in Leipzig, 1841. See chapter 10 for his analysis of mysticism.
18. Pasley, ed. Germany , p. 407.
19. Josef Winiger, Ludwig Feuerbach: Denker der Menschlichkeit; Biographie (Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch, 2004). Winiger describes Feuerbach as the “Luther of Philosophy.” See also Marx W. Wartofsky, Feuerbach (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
20. McLellan, Young Hegelians , pp. 107 and 110.
21. For other influences on Marx, see William Lea McBride, The Philosophy of Marx (London: Hutchinson: 1977), pp. 21–48.
22. McBride, Philosophy of Marx , p. 38. McLellan, Young Hegelians , p. 145.
23. McLellan, Young Hegelians , p. 157.
24. Bruce Mazlish, The Meaning of Karl Marx (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 13.
25. Ibid., p. 23.
26. Ibid., pp. 37–38.
27. Ibid., p. 45.
28. Ibid., p. 48.
29. Ibid., p.