The German Genius

in Bildern (Leipzig: G. Wigand, 1860).
46. Hans Joachim Kluge, Caspar David Friedrich: Entwürfe für Grabmäler und Denkmäler (Munich: Deutscher Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft, 1993), pp. 11–14.
47. Ibid., pp. 17ff.
48. See for example, the catalog of the exhibition The Romantic Vision of Caspar David Friedrich: Paintings and Drawings from the U.S.S.R. , at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Chicago Art Institute, 1990–1991, distributed by Harry N. Abrams, New York.
49. For a discussion of his symbolism, see Joseph Leo Koerner, Caspar David Friedrich and the Subject of Landscape (London: Reaktion Books, 1990), pp. 122f. See also Hubertus Gassner, ed., Caspar David Friedrich: Die Erfindung der Romantik (Munich: Hirmer, 2006); and Werner Hofmann, Caspar David Friedrich: Naturwirklichkeit und Kunstwahrheit (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2000).
50. Hans-Georg Gadamer thought that Friedrich’s emphasis on community confirmed that its disintegration was taking place. Koerner, Caspar David Friedrich , p. 130, and Chapter 41, p. 757 of this book.
    C HAPTER 10: H UMBOLDT ’s G IFT : T HE I NVENTION OF R ESEARCH AND THE P RUSSIAN (P ROTESTANT ) C ONCEPT OF L EARNING
     
1. R. Steven Turner, “The Prussian Universities and the Research Imperative, 1806–1848” (PhD diss., Princeton University, 1972), p. 1.
2. Ibid., p. 3.
3. Ibid., p. 4.
4. Ibid., p. 8.
5. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Koch, ed., Die preussischen Universitäten: Eine Sammlung der Verordnungen, welche die Verfassung und Verwaltung dieser Anstalten betreffen . 2 vols. (Berlin, 1839–1840), vol. 2, pp. 531–532.
6. Ibid., p. 181.
7. William Clark, Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 211.
8. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 223.
9. Ibid., p. 229.
10. R. Köpke, “Zum Andenken an Dr John Schulze,” Zeitschrift für das Gymnasialwesen 23 (1869): 245–256.
11. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” pp. 247–248.
12. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 218, for the distinction between erudition and research.
13. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 252.
14. Conrad Varrentrapp, Johannes Schulze und das höhere preussische Unterrichtwesen in seiner zeit (Leipzig, 1889), pp. 447–448.
15. Maximilian Lenz, Die Geschichte der königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin . 4 vols. (Halle, 1910–1919), vol. 2, pp. 470–472.
16. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 237.
17. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 270.
18. Ibid., p. 279.
19. Wilhelm von Humboldt, “Ueber die innere und äussere Organisation der höheren wissenschaftlichen Anstalten in Berlin (Unvollendete Denkschrift, geschreiben 1810. Erstmals veröffentlicht 1896),” in Ernst Anrich, ed., Die Idee der deutschen Universität (Darmstadt, 1964), pp. 377–378. Quoted in Turner, “Prussian Universities,” note 3.
20. Clark, Academic Charisma , pp. 178–181. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 285.
21. Eduard Fueter, Die Geschichte der neueren Historiographie (Munich, 1936), pp. 415ff.
22. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 158.
23. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” pp. 293–294.
24. Conrad Bursian, Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland . 2 vols. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1883), vol. 1, pp. 526–527. Johnson reprint (New York, 1965).
25. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 303.
26. Clark, Academic Charisma , p. 287.
27. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 325.
28. Anrich, Idee der deutschen Universität , p. 377.
29. F. W. J. Schelling, On University Studies , trans. E. S. Morgan (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1966), pp. 26–27.
30. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 373.
31. L. Wiese, Das höhere Schulwesen in Preussen: Historische-statistische Darstellung. 4 vols. (Berlin, 1864–1902), vol. 1, pp. 420f.
32. According to the historian Max Lenz, the percentage of students at Berlin in the lower faculty studying mathematics and physics grew from 6 percent in 1810 to 16 percent in 1860, and in chemistry from 1 percent to 15 percent during the same period. At the same time, classical philology students grew from 22 percent to 37 percent. Wiese, Das höhere Schulwesen , vol. 1, p. 24.
33. Turner, “Prussian Universities,” p. 391.
34. Dietrich Gerhard and William Norvin, eds., Die Briefe Barthold George Niebuhrs . 2 vols. (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1926), vol. 2, p. 222.
35. Luise Neumann, Franz Neumann: Erinnerungsblätter von seiner Tochter (Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr [P. Siebeck],