The German Genius

(Berlin: Henschel, 2003), pp. 399 and 445.
15. Susan Youens, Hugo Wolf: The Vocal Music (Princeton, N.J., and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 75.
16. For his failure to produce an opera, see Fischer-Dieskau, Hugo Wolf , pp. 358–364.
17. Walker, Hugo Wolf , p. 443 for the final illness. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , p. 269.
18. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , p. 274.
19. Hans Fantel, Johann Strauss, Father and Son, and Their Era (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971), pp. 32ff.
20. Joseph Wechsberg, The Waltz Emperors: The Life and Times and Music of the Strauss Family (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson), 1973, p. 95.
21. Fantel, Johann Strauss , pp. 72ff.
22. Wechsberg, Waltz Emperors , p. 166.
23. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , pp. 278–279.
24. Ibid., pp. 379–380.
25. Franzpeter Messmer, Richard Strauss: Biographie eines Klangzauberers (Zurich: M & T Verlag, 1994), pp. 243ff.
26. Ibid., pp. 171ff.
27. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , p. 384.
28. Charles Dowell Youmans, Richard Strauss’s Orchestral Music and the German Intellectual Tradition: The Philosophical Roots of Musical Modernism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005). Youmans locates Guntram as a turning point in Strauss’s thought, the influences here being Max Stirner and Nietzsche. See pp. 86ff.
29. Messmer, Richard Strauss , p. 313.
30. George R. Marek, Richard Strauss: The Life of a Non-Hero (London: Gollancz, 1967), p. 183.
31. Messmer, Richard Strauss , pp. 324ff.
32. Youmans, Richard Strauss’s Orchestral Music , pp. 136ff.
33. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , p. 392.
34. Dika Newlin, Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg (London: Boyars, 1979), pp. 25ff.
35. Ibid., p. 35.
36. Ibid., p. 119 for the literary influences on Mahler.
37. Ibid., p. 133.
38. Alex Ross, The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), pp. 19 and 21. Schonberg, Lives of the Great Composers , p. 403.
39. William R. Everdell, The First Moderns (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 275.
40. James K. Wright, Schoenberg, Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle (Bern: Peter Lang, 2007), pp. 67ff.
41. Michael Cherlin, Schoenberg’s Musical Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 44ff.
42. Ross, The Rest Is Noise , p. 18.
43. Ethan Haimo, Schoenberg’s Transformation of Musical Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 245.
44. See Newlin, Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg , p. 214, for the “deep background” in Barcelona. And Ross, The Rest Is Noise , p. 49.
45. Newlin, Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg , pp. 234ff.
46. Carl Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980), p. 360.
47. Ross, The Rest Is Noise , p. 52.
    C HAPTER 25: T HE D ISCOVERY OF R ADIO , R ELATIVITY, AND THE Q UANTUM
     
1. Elon, Pity of It All , p. 276.
2. Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations (Princeton, N.J., and London: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 13.
3. Ibid., p. 3.
4. Bruce J. Hunt, The Maxwellians (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 1991), esp. chap. 8.
5. I have used New Dictionary of Scientific Biography , vol. 3, pp. 291–294.
6. Rollo Appleyard, Pioneers of Electrical Communication (London: Macmillan, 1930), p. 114. Hunt, The Maxwellians , pp. 180–182 and 198–199.
7. See Appleyard, Pioneers , p. 119, for a photograph and p. 121 for the gap.
8. New Dictionary of Scientific Biography , vol. 3, pp. 291–294.
9. Physicists’ Biographies , p. 2. http://phisicist.info/
10. Appleyard, Pioneers , p. 131.
11. Kragh, Quantum Generations , p. 28.
12. Ibid., p. 29.
13. Emilio Segrè, From X-rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980), pp. 22–23.
14. Dictionary of Scientific Biography , XI, p. 529–521.
15. Kragh, Quantum Generations , p. 30.
16. Watson, Modern Mind/Terrible Beauty , p. 20.
17. New Dictionary of Scientific Biography , vol. 6, pp. 111–115. For the Plancks as a whole, see J. L. Heilbron, The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck as a Spokesman for German Science (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1986).
18. Heilbron, Dilemmas of an Upright Man , pp. 6–8.
19. Kragh, Quantum Generations , p. 21.
20. Ibid., p. 22.
21. Segrè, From X-rays to Quarks , pp. 66–68.
22. For Planck’s relationship with Rubens, see Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers, with a Memorial Address