The German Genius

in the music of Beethoven. One monograph, published by Karl Blessinger in 1939, claimed that German music had declined in three stages—via Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, and Mahler. No prizes for guessing what they had in common. Levi, Music in the Third Reich , pp. 53–56.
31. Levi, Music in the Third Reich , p. 70.
32. Michael H. Kater, Composers of the Nazi Era: Eight Portraits (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 197–198.
33. For Hindemith, see chapter 2 of Kater, Composers of the Nazi Era . See p. 111 for Carl Orff and p. 144 for Hans Pfitzner.
34. Kater, The Twisted Muse , pp. 22–39. Levi, Music in the Third Reich , p. 118.
35. Levi, Music in the Third Reich , p. 179.
36. Ibid., p. 181.
37. Kater, The Twisted Muse , pp. 41–42.
38. Brigitte Hamann, Winifred Wagner: A Life at the Heart of Hitler’s Bayreuth , trans. Alan Bance (London: Granta, 2005).
39. Kater, The Twisted Muse , pp. 188ff. And for Furtwängler’s fight, see Fred K. Prieberg, Trial of Strength: Wilhelm Furtwängler and the Third Reich , trans. Christopher Dolan (London: Quartet, 1991), chapters 2 and 3.
40. Levi, Music in the Third Reich , p. 203. See also Misha Aster, Das “Reichsorchester”: Die Berliner Philharmoniker und der Nationalsocialismus (Munich: Siedler, 2007).
41. Glen W. Gadberry, ed., Theatre in the Third Reich: The Pre-war Years (New York: Greenwood, 1995), p. 2.
42. Ibid., pp. 6–9.
43. Ibid., p. 124.
44. Ibid., p. 103.
45. Ibid., p. 115.
46. Ibid., p. 81.
47. The Nazis also had something to say about women’s fashion. See Irene Guenther, Nazi Chic?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich (Oxford: Berg, 2004), esp. chap. 5 on “purifying” the German clothes industry.
48. Armin Strohmeyr, Verlorene Generation: Dreissig vergessene Dichterinnen und Dichter des “anderen Deutschland ” (Zurich: Atrium, 2008), for the “lost generation” of satirists, songwriters, socialists, and historians.
    C HAPTER 35: S CHOLARSHIP IN THE T HIRD R EICH : “N O S UCH T HING AS O BJECTIVITY ”
     
1. Steven P. Remy, The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and De-Nazification of a German University (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 16.
2. Ibid., p. 22.
3. Ibid., p. 24.
4. Ibid., p. 43.
5. Ibid., p. 26.
6. Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 196.
7. Remy, Heidelberg Myth , p. 33. Elias, The Germans , p. 383.
8. Remy, Heidelberg Myth , p. 50.
9. Philipp Lenard, “The Limits of Science,” in George L. Mosse, ed., Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich , trans. by Salvator Attanasia, et al. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), pp. 201–205.
10. Remy, Heidelberg Myth , p. 56.
11. Ibid., p. 60.
12. Koonz, Nazi Conscience , p. 205.
13. Remy, Heidelberg Myth , p. 84.
14. James R. Dow and Hannjost Lixfeld, eds., The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).
15. George S. Williams, The Longing for Myth in Germany: Religious and Aesthetic Culture from Romanticism to Nietzsche (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p. 1.
16. Dow and Lixfeld, eds., Nazification , p. 21.
17. Fritz Joachim Raddatz, Gottfried Benn, Leben, niederer Wahn: Eine Biographie (Berlin: Propyläen, 2001), pp. 48ff.
18. Dow and Lixfeld, eds., Nazification , pp. 42–46.
19. Ibid., pp. 57–59.
20. Ibid., p. 80.
21. Ibid., pp. 189ff and 198.
22. Peter Padfield, Himmler: Reichsführer-SS (London: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 166ff.
23. Christopher Hale, Himmler’s Crusade: The True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet (London: Bantam Press, 2003), pp. 207ff.
24. Ibid., p. 211.
25. Ibid., p. 233.
26. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 25.
27. Ibid., pp. 30–32.
28. Ibid., pp. 130–131.
29. Albert Einstein, The Born-Einstein Letters: Friendship, Politics, and Physics in Uncertain Times; Correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916 to 1955 with Commentaries by Max Born , trans. Irene Born (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2005), pp. 113ff.
30. Roger Highfield and Paul Carter, The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (London: Faber & Faber, 1993), pp. 240–241, for lesser-known details of Einstein’s more personal difficulties.
31. Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists , p. 130. For an unusual view of Einstein, see Dennis P. Ryan, ed., Einstein and the Humanities (New York and London: Greenwood Press, 1987), with chapters on the moral