The German Genius

p. 86.
9. Ibid., pp. 143–144.
10. Gina Thomas, ed., The Unresolved Past: A Debate in German History; A Conference Sponsored by the Wheatland Foundation, Chaired and Introduced by Ralf Dahrendorf (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson in association with the Wheatland Foundation, 1990), p. 49.
11. Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947).
12. See also Siegfried Kracauer, The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays , trans. and introduced by Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995). Dedicated to Adorno. Besides the title essay, others include “Bestsellers and Their Audience” “The Biography as an Art Form of the New Bourgeoisie” “The Group as a Bearer of Ideas” “The Hotel Lobby.” All very prescient. For Kracauer on modernity, see David Frisby, Fragments of Modernity: Theories of Modernity in the Work of Simmel, Kracauer, and Benjamin (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
13. Blackbourn and Eley, The Peculiarities of German History , pp. 29–30.
14. Jan-Werner Müller, Another Country: German Intellectuals, Unification and National Identity (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 8.
15. Ibid., p. 33.
16. Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason , trans. Peter Palmer (London: Merlin Press, 1980), pp. 403ff. for the vitalism argument, pp. 755ff. for the “alternative path.” Ralf Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy in Germany (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967/1968).
17. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy , p. 46.
18. Ibid., p. 64.
19. Ibid., p. 131.
20. Ibid., p. 147.
21. Ibid., pp. 157–158.
22. Ibid., p. 202.
23. Dahrendorf also found interesting the differences in psychology between Germans and Americans. In one study Americans and Germans were asked whether they were lonely and, if so, what that meant to them. Americans associated loneliness with “weak,” “sick,” “sad,” “shallow,” and “cowardly,” whereas Germans associated it with “big,” “strong,” “courageous,” “healthy,” and “deep.” Dahrendorf felt that Germans valued the private virtues for the strength of the inner life, whereas in America, and to a lesser extent in Britain, the opposite was true, that people were more involved with the public virtues, with public argument and social conflict, which is why loneliness was seen in a bad/sad light. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy , pp. 287–288.
24. Dahrendorf, Science and Democracy , pp. 342–343.
25. Fritz K. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969).
26. Frederic Lilge, The Abuse of Learning: The Failure of the German University (New York: Macmillan, 1948), p. 69.
27. Ringer, Decline of the German Mandarins , p. 114.
28. Ibid., p. 20.
29. Ibid., pp. 34–35.
30. Ibid., p. 60.
31. Ibid., pp. 104–105.
32. Ibid., pp. 126 and 140.
33. Ibid., p. 146.
34. Ibid., p. 212.
35. Ibid., p. 224.
36. Ibid., p. 247.
37. Ibid., p. 254.
38. Ibid., p. 423.
39. Elias even went so far as to compose his own “Churchillian” “blood, toil, tears, and sweat” speech for Germans, in which he repeated Dahrendorf’s point that their conflicts needed to be settled in a democratic way, not the way of the satisfaktionsfähige Gesellschaft . See Elias, The Germans , p. 409 for the speech. See also Ringer, Decline of the German Mandarins , p. 444.
40. Alfons Söllner, “Normative Westernisation? The Impact of Rémigrés on the Formation of Political Thought in Germany,” in Jan-Werner Müller, ed., German Ideologies since 1945: Studies in the Political Thought and Culture of the Bonn Republic (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), pp. 40ff.
41. For the reopening of the universities, Heidelberg in particular, see James A. Mumper, “The Re-opening of Heidelberg University, 1945–46: Major Earl L. Crum and the Ambiguities of American Post-war Policy,” in Homer & Wilcox, eds., Germany and Europe , pp. 238–239.
42. Edward N. Zalta, principal editor, Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy , entry on Karl Jaspers, p. 5 of 18. http://plato.stanford.edu/
43. Karl Jaspers, Nachlass zur philosophischen Logik , ed. Hans Saner and Marc Hänggi (Munich: Piper, 1991).
44. Suzanne Kirkbright, Karl Jaspers: A Biography; Navigations in Truth (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 209.
45. Ibid., pp. 203ff.
46. Charles B. Guignon,