The Rembrandt Affair

and merchants. The majority of Amsterdam’s Jews were lower middle class and quite poor. The Herzfelds worked as peddlers and shopkeepers until the late nineteenth century, when Abraham Herzfeld entered the diamond trade. He passed the business on to his son, Jacob, who undertook a rapid and highly successful expansion. Jacob married a woman named Susannah Arons in 1927 and moved from a cramped apartment off the Jodenbreestraat to the grand house on Plantage Middenlaan. Four years later, Susannah gave birth to the couple’s first child, Lena. Two years after that came another daughter, Rachel.
    “While we regarded ourselves as Jews, we were rather well assimilated and not terribly religious. We lit candles on Shabbat but generally went to synagogue only on holidays. My father didn’t wear a beard or a kippah, and our kitchen wasn’t kosher. My sister and I attended an ordinary Dutch school. Many of our classmates didn’t even realize we were Jewish. That was especially true of me. You see, Mr. Argov, when I was young, my hair was blond.”
    “And your sister?”
    “She had brown eyes and beautiful dark hair. Like hers,” she added, glancing at Chiara. “My sister and I could have been twins, except for the color of our hair and eyes.”
    Lena Herzfeld’s face settled into an expression of bereavement. Gabriel was tempted to pursue the matter further. He knew, however, it would be a mistake. So instead he asked Lena Herzfeld to describe her family’s home on Plantage Middenlaan.
    “We were comfortable,” she replied, seemingly grateful for the change of subject. “Some might say rich. But my father never liked to talk about money. He said it wasn’t important. And, truthfully, he permitted himself only one luxury. My father adored paintings. Our house was filled with art.”
    “Do you remember the Rembrandt?”
    She hesitated, then nodded. “It was my father’s first major acquisition. He hung it in the drawing room. Every evening he would sit in his chair admiring it. My parents were devoted to each other, but my father loved that painting so much that sometimes my mother would pretend to be jealous.” Lena Herzfeld gave a fleeting smile. “The painting made us all very happy. But not long after it entered our home, things started to go wrong in the world around us. Kristallnacht, Austria, Poland. Then, finally… us. ”
    For many residents of Amsterdam, she continued, the German invasion of May 10, 1940, came as a shock, since Hitler had promised to spare Holland so long as it remained neutral. In the chaotic days that followed, the Herzfelds made a desperate bid to flee, first by boat, then by road to Belgium. They failed, of course, and by the night of the fifteenth, they were back in their home on Plantage Middenlaan.
    “We were trapped,” said Lena Herzfeld, “along with one hundred and forty thousand other Dutch Jews.”
    Unlike France and Belgium, which were placed under German military control, Hitler decided that the Netherlands would be run by a civilian administration. He gave the job to Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart, a fanatical anti-Semite who had presided over Austria after the Anschluss in 1938. Within days, the decrees began. At first, a benign-sounding order forbade Jews from serving as air-raid wardens. Then Jews were ordered to leave The Hague, Holland’s capital, and to move from sensitive coastal areas. In September, all Jewish newspapers were banned. In November, all Jews employed by the Dutch civil service, including those who worked in the educational and telephone systems, were summarily dismissed. Then, in January 1941, came the most ominous Nazi decree to date. All Jews residing in Holland were given four weeks to register with the Dutch census office. Those who refused were threatened with prison and faced confiscation of their property.
    “The census provided the Germans with a map showing the name, address, age, and sex of nearly every Jew in Holland. We foolishly gave them the keys to our destruction.”
    “Did your father register?”
    “He considered ignoring the order, but in the end decided he had no choice but to comply. We lived at a prominent address in the most visible Jewish neighborhood in the city.”
    The census was followed by a cascade of new decrees that served to further isolate, humiliate, and impoverish the Jews of Holland. Jews were forbidden to donate blood. Jews were forbidden to enter hotels or eat in restaurants. Jews were