Bunker Hill

Advertisements and Slavery in Massachusetts, 1704–1781.” On the legislative attempts to end slavery in colonial Massachusetts, see George Moore’s
Notes on the History of Slavery in Massachusetts
, especially pp. 138–40, and “Negro Petitions for Freedom,” pp. 432–37. F. Nwabueze Okoye writes passionately about the reality of slavery in American colonial society in “Chattel Slavery as the Nightmare of the American Revolutionaries.” The October 31, 1768, petition signed by John Hancock and John Rowe accusing a British officer of inciting Boston’s slaves to revolt is in
Boston Under Military Rule, 1768–1769
, edited by Oliver Morton Dickerson, p. 16.
    On the impact of both Joyce Junior and the tarring and feathering of John Malcom on the English press, see R. T. H. Halsey,
The Boston Port Bill as Pictured by a Contemporary London Cartoonist
, pp. 82–143; Halsey reprints the account of Malcom being forced to drink large quantities of tea as well as the engravings it inspired, pp. 82–86, 92. The March 28, 1774, description of Americans as a “strange set of people” by a member of the House of Commons was reprinted in the
Boston Gazette
on May 16, 1774. Benjamin Thatcher refers to how John Malcom took a piece of his own tarred-and-feathered skin to London with him in
Traits of the Tea Party
,
p. 133. Frank Hersey in “Tar and Feathers” quotes from John Malcom’s petition to the king in which he asks to be made “a single Knight of the Tar,” p. 463.
    Chapter Two— Poor Unhappy Boston
    On Thomas Gage’s background and his wife Margaret Kemble Gage, see John Richard Alden’s
General Gage in America
, pp. 19–204. For a less sympathetic portrayal of Gage, see John Shy’s “Thomas Gage: Weak Link of Empire,” pp. 3–38, in vol. 2 of
George Washington’s Generals and Opponents
, edited by George Athan Billias. David Hackett Fischer in
Paul Revere’s Ride
quotes Gage’s letter comparing London to Constantinople or “any other city I had never seen” (p. 40). Carl Van Doren provides a detailed account of Franklin’s experience in the Cockpit in
Benjamin Franklin
, pp. 461–77. Gage’s comments about Franklin are in a note in Alden’s
General Gage in America
, p. 200. King George’s description of his meeting with Gage is in no. 1379—“The King to Lord North,” in
CKG
, p. 59. Gage describes America as “a bully” in a November 12, 1770, letter to Lord Barrington, cited in Alden’s
General Gage in America
, p. 188. On navigating the islands of Boston Harbor, I have relied on Nathaniel Shurtleff,
A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston
, pp. 416–578. Bernard Bailyn provides a probing portrait of Thomas Hutchinson in
The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson
; I am also indebted to several unpublished manuscripts by John Tyler, who is editing a new edition of Hutchinson’s letters. Andrew Walmsley’s
Thomas Hutchinson and the Origins of the American Revolution
is a succinct analysis of how the governor served as a scapegoat for the patriots.
    For the text of the Port Act, see
Province in Rebellion
(subsequently referred to as
PIR
), edited by L. Kinvin Wroth et al., 1:44–51. For the text of Josiah Quincy Jr.’s “Observations on . . . the Boston Port-Bill,” see Josiah Quincy’s
Memoir
, pp. 359–469. Gage speaks of giving the Port Bill “time to operate” in a May 19, 1774, letter to Lord Dartmouth,
Correspondence of Thomas Gage
, p. 355. On Faneuil Hall, see Abram Brown’s
Faneuil Hall and Market
, pp. 123–30. Thomas Young describes Faneuil Hall as “a noble school” in a March 22, 1770, letter cited by Ray Raphael in
Founders
, pp. 80–81. Peter Oliver speaks of a meeting of the House of Representatives as “a pandemonium” in
OPAR
, p. 67. Peter Shaw in
American Patriots and the Rituals of Revolution
writes about conscience patriotism (pp. 23–24); he also writes insightfully about the psychic toll of the Revolution on such patriots as James Otis (pp. 77–108); John Adams (pp. 109–30); Joseph Hawley (pp. 131–52); and Josiah Quincy Jr. (pp. 152–75). John Adams tells of his uncontrolled outburst in an entry in his diary made in late December 1772 in
Diary and Autobiography of John Adams
, 2:75–76. In his
Autobiography
(vol. 3 of his
Writings
), Adams describes a revealing exchange between himself and Joseph Warren regarding the psychological cost of the patriot movement. According to Adams, Warren frequently and unsuccessfully urged him