Jerusalem. The Biography

3–7. Maimonides,
Code
28–30. Peters,
Jerusalem
276–9. Muslims: Ghazali quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
279–80 and 409; Mujir 66 and 140; Nusseibeh,
Country
126–7. Popular history of the Seljuks: John Freely,
Storm on Horseback: Seljuk Warriors of Turkey
45–64.
    PART FIVE: CRUSADE
     
1 Crusade, Godfrey, taking of Jerusalem. This account of the Crusades is based on the essential classics Steven Runciman,
The Crusades;
Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The Crusades: A Short History
; Jonathan Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade
; Joshua Prawer,
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
; Denys Pringle,
The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus
(henceforth Pringle); the works of Benjamin Z. Kedar; and the excellent new books Christopher Tyerman,
God’s War
; Jonathan Phillips,
Holy Warriors
; and Thomas Asbridge,
The Crusades
; along with primary Christian sources William of Tyre, Fulcher of Chartres,
Gesta Francorum
and Raymond d’Aguilers, and Muslim sources Ibn al-Athir, and later Ibn Qalanisi and Usama bin Munqidh; on warfare, Norman Housley,
Fighting for the Cross;
on life in Jerusalem, Adrian Boas,
Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades
.
Raymond and Gesta are quoted in August C. Krey,
The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants
242–62; al-Athir and al-Qalanisi are quoted, unless otherwise sourced, in Francesco Gabrieli,
Arab Historians of the Crusades
(henceforth Gabrieli). Storming: al-Athir, Gabrieli 10–11. Tyerman 109–12. 3,000 dead, smaller massacre: Benjamin Z. Kedar, ‘The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in Western Historiography of the Crusades’, in
Crusades
3 (2004) 15–75. Phillips,
Warriors
24; Asbridge,
Crusades
90–104. 3,000 killed on Haram and women killed in Dome of Chains: Ibn al-Arabi quoted in Benjamin Z. Kedar and Denys Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’, in
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Prawer,
Latin Kingdom
15–33. On Jerusalem image and Holy War: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
26 and 35–8; massacre 217–19. The Princes of the Crusade: Tyerman 116–25; Crusader psychopaths 87. Fragmentation of Arabs and Islamic city states – see William of Tyre and al-Athir quoted in Tyerman 343 and Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
18. Runciman 1.280–5. Hiyari in Asali,
Jerusalem
137–40.
On Crusader buildings of Jerusalem, thanks to Professor Dan Bahat who gave the author a Crusader tour. On Arnulf morals: B. Z. Kedar, ‘Heraclius’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (eds),
Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem
182. B. Z. Kedar, ‘A Commentary on the Book of Isaiah Ransomed from the Crusaders’, in
Cathedra
2.320.
OJ
281. Storming and ransoming of Jews: Prawer,
Jews in the Latin Kingdom
19–40. On Jews: Mann 198–201. William of Tyre 1.379–413. The campaign: Tyerman 124–153; storming 155–64; few knights 178. Massacre: al-Athir in Gabrieli 10–11. Storming:
Gesta Francorum
86–91. Fulcher of Chartres,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem
1.xxiv and xxxiii and 2.vi. up to bridle reins in blood – quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
285. City population statistics: Tyerman 2–3. Turkish tactics: Housley,
Fighting for the Cross
111–14; Frankish tactics 118–22.
2 Baldwin I. This portrait is based on William of Tyre 1.416–17; Fulcher,
History
; Tyerman 200–7; Runciman 1.314–15 and 2.104, including Baldwin’s wives and Adelaide’s arrival in Jerusalem and Sigurd visit 92–3. ‘Saga of Sigurd’ quoted in Wright,
Early Travellers
50–62.
Building – use of Citadel, spolia from al-Aqsa for Sepulchre: Boas,
Jerusalem
73–80. The Crusader Haram: Kedar and Pringle, ‘1099–1187: The Lord’s Temple (Templum Domini) and Solomon’s Palace (Palatium Salomonis)’,
Sacred Esplanade
133–49. Holy Sepulchre: Charles Couasnon,
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem
19–20. Kroyanker 40–3. N. Kenaan, ‘Sculptured Lintels of the Crusader Church of the Holy Sepulchre’, in
Cathedra
2.325. Runciman 3.370–2. The traditions and calendar, pilgrims: Tyerman 341. Holy Fire – Daniel the Abbott quoted in Peters,
Jerusalem
263–5; methesep and administration of city 301. Calendar and rituals: Boas,
Jerusalem
30–2; chief political posts and courts 21–5; coronation 32–5; Golden Gate, on possible Crusader domes 63–4, citing Pringle; Crusader graves on Temple Mount 182; John of Wurzburg says ‘illustrious’ people buried near Golden