Mayflower

economic forces by the expansion of English settlement were obviously worth more than a native hunting reservation, and the profit was not necessarily speculative when lands were improved before being resold.” Soon after the outbreak of King Philip’s War in 1675, Josiah Winslow insisted that all the land in Plymouth “was fairly obtained by honest purchase of the Indian proprietors,” cited in Bangs’s Indian Deeds, p. 22. Dennis Connole, on the other hand, in The Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England, 1630–1750. believes that the colonial laws curtailing individuals from purchasing Indian land “were placed on the books with only one purpose in mind: to suppress the fledgling real estate market in the colonies. If a free market had existed, the demand was such that the price of land would have skyrocketed,” p. 251.
    In an April 12, 1632, entry, of his Journal, edited by Richard Dunn et al., John Winthrop describes the Narragansett attack on Massasoit, pp. 64–65; in an August 4, 1634, entry, Winthrop describes the trick the sachem played on Edward Winslow. Samuel Drake in his Book of the Indians of North America claims that Massasoit changed his name to Usamequin after the Narragansett attack at Sowams, p. 25.
    In “Darlings of Heaven” in Harvard Magazine, November 1976, Peter Gomes deftly summarizes the relationship between the Pilgrims and Puritans: “[T]he Atlantic Ocean made them both (Boston and Plymouth) Separatists, and the hegemony of Boston made them both Puritans,” p. 33. For more on the distinction between Pilgrim and Puritan, see Gomes’s “Pilgrims and Puritans: Heroes and Villains in Creation of the American Past” in MHS Proceedings, vol. 45, 1983, pp. 1–16, and Richard Howland Maxwell’s “Pilgrim and Puritan: A Delicate Distinction” in Pilgrim Society Notes, series 2, March 2003. On the differences between Puritan and Pilgrim requirements for church membership, see George Langdon’s Plymouth Colony, pp. 126–31, as well as Edmund Morgan’s Visible Saints; according to Morgan, “[the New England Puritans’] only radical difference from the Separatist practice lay in the candidate’s demonstration of the work of grace in his soul,” p. 90. Langdon in Plymouth Colony provides a useful summary of the development of governance in Plymouth, pp. 79–99. William Hubbard speaks of Billington’s execution in General History of New England, p. 101. Thomas Morton describes how the Puritans burned his house in New English Canaan, pp. 171–72. On Bradford’s 1645 refusal to allow religious tolerance, and Plymouth and Massachusetts-Bay’s persecution of the Quakers, see George Langdon’s Pilgrim Colony, pp. 63–65, 71–78. Stratton in Plymouth Colony cites the quote from the Quaker sympathizer James Cudworth: “Now Plymouth-saddle is on the Bay horse,” p. 92; Stratton also speaks of the disenfranchisement of Isaac Robinson, p. 345.
    My account of the economic development of New England in the 1630s is based, in large part, on Bernard Bailyn’s The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century, pp. 16–44. Adam Hirsch discusses how the attack on the Pequot fort changed the attitude toward war in “The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England” in the Journal of American History, vol. 74, pp. 1187–1212. William Cronon in Changes in the Land looks to Miantonomi’s speech to the Montauks as an exemplary analysis of the ecological impact the Europeans had on New England, pp. 162–64. Miantonomi’s death at the hands of the Mohegans is discussed in John Sainsbury’s “Miantonomo’s Death and New England Politics, 1630–1645” in Rhode Island History, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 111–23, and Paul Robinson’s “Lost Opportunities: Miantonomi and the English in Seventeenth-Century Narragansett Country” in Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632–1816. edited by Robert Grumet, pp. 13–28. Edward Johnson describes Miantonomi’s unfortunate use of an English corselet in Wonder-Working Providence, 1628–1651. pp. 220–21. Jeremy Bangs discusses the possible Dutch influences on the formation of the United Colonies of New England in Pilgrim Edward Winslow; he also cites John Quincy Adams’s remarks concerning the confederation, pp. 207–12.
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