Modern Mind

II, page 218.
    22. Corvi, Op.
cit.,
page 69.
    23. See Popper, Op.
cit., volume II,
chapter 14, on the autonomy of sociology, and chapter 23, on the sociology of knowledge.
    24. Corvi, Op.
cit.,
page 73.
    25. William Temple,
Christianity and the Social Order,
London: Penguin Special, 1942.
    26.
Ibid.,
chapter 2 on church ‘interference’.
    27.
Ibid.,
page 75.
    28.
Ibid.,
pages 76ff.
    29.
Ibid.,
page 79.
    30.
Ibid.,
page 87.
    31. Nicholas Timmins,
The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State,
London: HarperCollins, 1995, Fontana Paperback, 1996, page 23. See also: Derek Fraser,
The Evolution of the British Welfare State,
London: Macmillan, 1973, page 199, which says the report sold 635,000 copies.
    32. John Kenneth Galbraith,
A History of Economics,
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1987, Penguin edition, 1991, pages 213–215.
    33. For the effects of war on attitudes, see: Fraser, Op.
cit.,
pages 194–195.
    34. Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 11. There is no mention of this, of course, in Beveridge’s memoirs: Lord Beveridge,
Power and Influence,
London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1953.
    35. Beveridge, Op.
cit.,
page 9; quoted in Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 12. See also: José Harris,
William Beveridge: A Biography,
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977, page 44.
    36. Paul Addison,
Churchill on the Home Front 1900—
1955, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992, page 51; quoted in Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 13.
    37. Harris, Op.
cit.,
pages 54 and 379. Timmins,
Op. cit.,
page 14.
    38. Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 15.
    39.
Ibid.,
page 20.
    40.
Ibid.
See also: Harris, Op.
cit.,
page 385.
    41. Timmins,
Op. cit.,
page 21, though according to Harris, Op.
cit.,
page 390, he did not begin to think about insurance until the end of 1941.
    42. Fritz Grunder, ‘Beveridge meets Bismark,’ York papers, volume 1, page 69, quoted in Timmins, Op.
cit.
, page 25.
    43.
Ibid.,
pages 23–24.
    44. Cmnd. 6404,
Social Insurance and Allied Services: Report by Sir William Beveridge,
London: HMSO, 1942, pages 6–7, quoted in Timmins, Op.
cit.,
pages 23–24.
    45. And, indeed, many officials were cautious. Harris, Op.
cit.,
page 422.
    46. Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 29.
    47. Derek Fraser,
Op. cit.,
page 180, quoted in Timmins, Op.
cit.,
page 33.
    48.
Ibid.,
page 37.
    49. In his memoirs, Beveridge refers to an American commentator who said: ‘Sir William, possibly next to Mr Churchill, is the most popular figure in Britain today.’ Beveridge, Op.
cit.,
page 319
    50.
Allan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, Op. cit., page 858.
    51.
Crick, George Orwell, Op. cit., page 316.
    52. Malcolm Bradbury, Introduction to George Orwell,
Animal Farm,
Penguin Books, 1989, page vi.
    53. Crick, Op.
cit.,
pages 316–318, adds that paper shortage may not have been the only reason for delay.
    54.
Galbraith, A History of Economics, Op. cit., page 248.
    55. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 128.
    56. Moggridge, Op.
cit.,
page 629.
    57. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 124.
    58. Moggridge, Op.
cit.,
page 631.
    59. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 127.
    60.
Ibid.,
page 131.
    61.
The New Republic,
‘Charter for America,’ 19 April 1943, quoted in Lekachman, Op.
cit.,
pages ‘33–135. See also Galbraith,
Op. cit.,
page 249.
    62. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 150.
    63.
Ibid.,
page 152.
    64. Moggridge, Op.
cit.,
page 724. Lekachman, Op.
cit.,
page 158.
    65. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 152.
    66. White had prepared his own proposal on an International Bank. Moggridge, Op.
cit.,
page 724.
    67.
Ibid.,
pages 802–803.
    68. Keynes himself was more worried about Britain’s overseas spending, which he felt did not match her reduced means.
Ibid.,
page 825.
    69. Lekachman,
Op. cit.,
page 138.
    70.
Ibid.,
page 161.
    71. Gunnar Myrdal,
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
(two vols), New York: Harper & Row, 1944.
    72.
Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West,
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 378.
    73. E. Franklin Frazier,
The Negro Family in the United States,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939.
    74. Myrdal,
Op. cit.,
page xlvii.
    75. Hannaford, Op.
cit.,
page 379.
    76. See Myrdal, Op.
cit.,
chapter 34, on leaders.
    77. Paul Johnson,
A History of the American People,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997, page 794. Hannaford, Op.
cit.,
page 395.
    78. Ralph Ellison,
Shallow and Act,
New York: Random House, 1964, page 316.

CHAPTER 22: LIGHT IN AUGUST
    1.
Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 319.
    2.
Ibid.,
page 321.
    3. See R. W. Clark,
The Birth