Modern Mind

of the Bomb,
London: Phoenix House, 1961, page 116, for an erroneous claim that Frisch’s house was hit by a bomb and set ablaze.
    4. For more details about Peierls’ calculations, see Clark,
The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit.,
page 118; also Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 323.
    5. Tizard’s committee, extraordinarily, was the only body in wartime Britain capable of assessing the military uses of scientific discoveries. Clark, Op.
cit.,
page 55.
    6. Robert Jungk,
Brighter than a Thousand Suns,
London: Victor Gollancz in association with Rupert Hart-Davis, 1958, page 67.
    7. Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 212.
    8. Fermi was known to other physicists as ‘the Pope.’ Jungk, Op.
cit.,
page 57.
    9. Laura Fermi,
Atoms in the Family,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954, page 123. Also quoted in Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
page 249.
    10. C. P. Snow,
The Physicists, Op. cit.,
pages 90–91.
    11. Otto Hahn,
New Atoms,
New York and Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1950, pages 53ff.
    12. Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
pages 254–256.
    13. Jungk, Op.
cit.,
pages
(67–77.
    14.
Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations, Op. cit., page 260.
    15. Ronald Clark,
The Greatest Power on Earth: The Story of Nuclear Fission,
London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1980, page 45. See also: Jungk, Op.
cit.,
page 77. Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
page 258.
    16. Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 261.
    17. Szilard suggested secrecy but didn’t find many supporters. Kragh, Op.
cit.,
page 263.
    18.
Clark, The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit., page 80.
    19. See Jungk, Op.
cit.,
pages 82ff for Szilard’s other initiatives.
    20.
Ibid.,
page 91 also says that the possibility of a chain reaction had not occurred to Einstein.
    21. Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
pages 291–292 and 296.
    22. See Clark,
The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit.,
page 183, which says that Canada was also considered as an entirely British alternative. See also: Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 329–330.
    23. Kragh,
Op. cit.,
page 265; and Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 379.
    24. Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 385.
    25. Mark Walker,
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pages 222ff, argues that the significance of this meeting has been exaggerated on both sides. The meeting became the subject of a successful play,
Copenhagen,
by Michael Frayn, first performed by the National Theatre in London in 1998, and on Broadway in New York in 2000.
    26. Kragh, Op.
cit.,
page 266; Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
page 389.
    27. Leslie Groves, ‘The atomic general answers his critics’,
Saturday Evening Post,
19 May, 1948, page 15; see also Jungk, Op.
cit.,
page 122.
    28. Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
pages 450–451.
    29.
Clark, The Greatest Power on Earth, Op. cit., page 161.
    30. Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
page 437.
    31. Jane Wilson (editor), ‘All in Our Time’,
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,
1975, quoted in Rhodes,
Op. cit.,
page 440.
    32. See Kragh, Op.
cit.,
page 267, for its internal organisation.
    33. Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
pages 492 and 496–500.
    34. Kragh, Op.
cit.,
page 270.
    35. Stefan Rozental (editor),
Niels Bohr, Op. cit.,
page 192.
    36. Margaret Gowing,
Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945,
London: Macmillan, 1964, pages 354–356. See also: Rhodes, Op.
cit.,
pages 482 and 529.
    37. See Clark,
The Birth of the Bomb, Op. cit.,
page 141, for the way the British watched the Germans.
    38. On the German preference for heavy water, see Mark Walker, Op.
cit.,
page 27.
    39. David Irving,
The Virus House,
London: William Kimber, 1967, page 191. The involvement of German physicists with the bomb became a
cause célèbre
after the war, following the claims by some that they had steered clear of such developments on moral grounds. Several contradictory accounts were published which culminated, in 1996, in Jeremy Bernstein (editor),
Hitler’s Nuclear Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall,
New York: American Institute of Physics Press. These were declassified transcripts of recordings made at the English country manor, Farm Hall, which housed the captured German scientists in the wake of World War II. The Germans were secretly tape-recorded. The recordings show that by war’s end the German nuclear effort employed hundreds of scientists in nine task-oriented research groups, and with Heisenberg in overall charge. The project was on track, in 1943, towards a working reactor but these plans were disrupted, partly by the interdiction of supplies of heavy water, and partly by Allied bombing, which caused the research institute to be moved south, out of Berlin.
    40. Herbert