Modern Mind

Berlin, Op.
cit.,
page 89.
    116.
Alfred Kazin, On Native Grounds, Op. cit., page 485.
    117.
Ibid.,
page 295 for the reference to Van Wyck Brooks, 352 for Dos Passos and 442 for the ‘tragicomic climax’.
    118.
Ibid.,
page 404.
    119.
Ibid.,
page 488.
    120. Simon Callow,
Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1995, page xi.
    121.
Ibid.,
page 521.
    122. Frank Brady,
Citizen Welles,
London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990, pages 309–310.
    123. Callow,
Op. cit.,
page 570.

CHAPTER 20: COLOSSUS
    1. Andrew Hodges,
Alan Turing: The Enigma,
London: Burnett Books, in association with Hutchinson, 1983, Vintage paperback, 1992, pages 160ff.
    2. I. J. Good, ‘Pioneering work on computers at Bletchley,’ in N. Metropolis, J. Howlett and Giancarlo Rota (editors),
A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century,
New York and London: Academic Press, 1980, page 33 for others who arrived at Bletchley at much the same time.
    3. Hodges, Op.
cit.,
page 160.
    4. Paul Strathern,
Turing and the Computer,
London: Arrow, 1997, page 59.
    5. Good, Op.
cit.,
pages 35 and 36 for excellent photographs of Enigma. For the latest account of the way the Enigma codes were broken, and the vital contribution of Harry Hinsley, using recently declassified documents, see: Hugh Sebag-Monte-fiore,
Enigma: The Battle for the Code,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000.
    6. Hodges, Op.
cit.,
page 86.
    7. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
pages 46–47.
    8. Hodges,
Op. cit.,
pages 96–101 for the link between rational and computable numbers. See also: Strathern,
Op. cit.,
page 48.
    9. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
pages 49–50.
    10. S. M. Ulam, ‘Von Neumann: The Interreaction of Mathematics and Computers,’ in Metropolis
et al.
(editors),
Op. cit.,
pages 95ff.
    11. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
pages 51–52.
    12.
Ibid.,
pages 55–56.
    13.
Ibid.,
pages 57–59.
    14. Turing also knew who to take advice from. See: Wladyslaw Kozoczuh,
Enigma,
London: Arms & Armour Press, 1984, page 96 on the role of the Poles.
    15. At times the messages were not in real German. This was an early problem solved. See: R. V Jones,
Most Secret War,
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1978, page 63.
    16. Good,
Op. cit.,
pages 40–41.
    17. Hodges, Op.
cit.,
page 277.
    18. B. Randall, ‘The Colossus’, in Metropolis
et al.
(editors), Op.
cit.,
pages 47ft for the many others who collaborated on Colossus. See Hodges,
Op. cit.,
between pages 268 and 269 for photographs.
    19. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 63–64.
    20. See Randall, Op.
cit.,
pages 77–80 for an assessment of Turing and the ‘fog’ that still hangs over his wartime meeting with Von Neumann.
    21. Hodges, Op.
cit.,
page 247.
    22. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 66.
    23. See John Haugeland,
Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985, pages 261–263 for an exact chronology.
    24. Hodges, Op
cit.,
pages 311–312.
    25.
Guy Hartcup, The Challenge of War: Scientific and Engineering Contributions to World War Two, Exeter: David & Charles, 1970, pages 17ff.
    26.
Ibid.,
page 94.
    27.
Ibid.,
pages 96–97.
    28.
Ibid.,
page 91. For German progress, and some shortcomings of radar, see: Alfred Price,
Instruments of Darkness,
London: William Kimber, 1967,
circa
pages 40–45; and David Pritchard,
The Radar War,
London: Patrick Stephens, 1989, especially pages 8off.
    29.
Hartcup, Op. cit., page 91, but for a detailed chronology, see: Jack Gough, Watching the Skies: A History of Ground Radar for the Air Defence of the United Kingdom by the RAF from 1946 to 1975, London: HMSO, 1993, pages 8–12.
    30. Hartcup, Op.
cit.,
pages 90 and 107.
    31. Ronald W. Clark,
The Life of Ernst Chain: Penicillin and Beyond,
New York: St Martin’s Press, 1985, pages 47ff. Weatherall,
In Search of a Cure, Op. cit.,
pages 174–175.
    32. Gwyn Macfarlane,
Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth,
London: Chatto & Windus/The Hogarth Press, 1984, pages 119ff.
    33. Weatherall, Op.
cit.,
page 168.
    34.
Ibid.,
pages 165–166.
    35. Gwyn Macfarlane,
Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist,
Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, page 331.
    36. Weatherall, Op.
cit.,
pages 175–176.
    37. John E. Pfeiffer,
The Creative Explosion: An Inquiry into the Origins of Art and Religion,
New York: Harper & Row, 1982, pages 26ff, who says there was no dog. Annette Laming,
Lascaux,
London: Penguin, 1959, pages 54ff.
    38. Mario Ruspoli,
The Cave of Lascaux: The Final Photographic Record,
London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1987, page 188.