Modern Mind

The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War One, New York: Vintage, 1953, passim.
    55. Richardson, Op.
cit.,
pages 159ff
    56. Everdell, Op.
cit.,
chapter 10,
passim.
    57. Richardson,
Op. cit.,
page 172.
    58. Everdell,
Op. cit.,
page 155.
    59. John Berger,
The Success and Failure of Picasso,
Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965, reprinted New York: Pantheon, 1980, page 67. Robert Hughes,
The Shock of the New,
London: Thames & Hudson, 1980 and 1991, pages 21 and 24.

CHAPTER 2: HALFWAY HOUSE
    1. William R. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, Op. cit., pages 147–148.
    2. Hilde Spiel,
Vienna’s Golden Autumn 1866–1938,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, pages 55ff.
    3. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
pages 77 and 120. See also: Spiel,
Op. cit.,
page 55, and George R. Marek,
Richard Strauss, The Life of a Non-Hero,
London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 166.
    4. Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin,
Wittgenstein’s Vienna,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973, page 45.
    5. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 77.
    6.
Ibid.,
page 169 and, for therapeutic nihilism, page 223.
    7. Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 45.
    8. Franz Kuna, ‘A Geography of Modernism: Vienna and Prague 1890–1928,’ in Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (editors),
Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930,
London: Penguin, 1976, page 126.
    9. Carl E. Schorske,
Fin-de-siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, New York: Knopf, 1980, pages 12–14.
    10. Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 126.
    11. Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
pages 62–63.
    12. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 14.
    13. Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 127.
    14. Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
pages 114ff
    15. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 17.
    16.
Ibid.,
page 18.
    17.
Ibid.,
page 19.
    18.
Ibid.
    19.
Cf. T. S. Eliot in Notes Towards the Definition of Culture, discussed in chapter 26.
    20. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 21.
    21.
Ibid.
    22. Kuna, Op.
cit.,
page 128.
    23. Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
page 92, where the authors also point out that Bruckner gave piano lessons to Ludwig Boltzmann and that Mahler ‘would bring his psychological problems to Dr. Freud.’
    24. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 291.
    25.
Ibid.,
page 296.
    26.
Ibid., page 294.
    27.
Ibid.,
page 299.
    28. William S. Everdell,
The First Moderns, Op. cit.,
page 190. See also Johnston,
Op. cit.,
pages 299–300.
    29. Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 135.
    30. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
pages 300–301.
    31.
Ibid.,
page 301.
    32. Everdell, Op.
cit.,
page 187.
    33.
Ibid.,
page 191.
    34. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 302.
    35.
Ibid.,
pages 302–305.
    36. Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
pages 71ff.
    37. Johnston,
Op. cit.,
page 159.
    38.
Ibid.,
pages 72–73; see also Johnston,
Op. cit.,
pages 159–160.
    39. Johnston,
Op. cit.,
page 233.
    40.
Ibid.,
pages 233–234.
    41.
Ibid.,
page 234.
    42. Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 96.
    43. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 79.
    44.
Ibid.;
see also Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 150.
    45.
Ibid.;
see also Schorske, Op
cit.,
pages 83ff.
    46. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 339.
    47. Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
page 100.
    48.
Ibid.,
page 94; see also Johnston, Op
cit.,
page 144.
    49. Schorske, Op.
cit.,
page 220.
    50.
Ibid.,
pages 227–232.
    51.
Ibid.
    52. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 144.
    53. Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 133.
    54. John T. Blackmore,
Ernst Mach: His Work, Life and Influence,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, page 6.
    55.
Ibid.,
pages 182–184.
    56. Janik and Toulmin,
Op. cit.,
page 134.
    57.
Ibid.
See also: Johnston,
Op. cit.,
page 183.
    58. Blackmore, Op
cit.,
pages 87ff
    59. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 184; Janik and Toulmin, Op.
cit.,
page 134.
    60. Johnston, Op.
cit.,
page 186; Blackmore, Op.
cit.,
pages 232ff and 247ff.

CHAPTER 3: DARWIN’S HEART OF DARKNESS
    1. John Ruskin,
Modem Painters:
5
Volumes,
Orpington, Kent: George Allen, 1844–1888.
    2.
Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western
History,
New York: The Free Press, 1997, page 221.
    3.
Ibid.,
page 222.
    4. Ivan Hannaford,
Race: The History of an Idea in the West,
Washington D.C. and Baltimore: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, page 296.
    5. Friedrich Nietzsche,
Will to Power,
New York: Random House, 1968, page 30.
    6. Herman,
Op. cit.,
page 99.
    7.
Ibid.
    8.
Ibid.,
pages 99–100.
    9.
Ibid.,
page 102.
    10.
Ibid.,
pages 102–103.
    11. Richard Hofstadter,
Social Darwinism in American Thought,
Boston: Beacon Press, 1944, page 5.
    12. Mike Hawkins,
Social Darwinism