The Great Divide

Testament, 347, 379, 445, 450
    New Zealand, 23–4, 157
    Niah Cave, 33
    Nicaragua, 485
    Nichols, Johanna, 19–20, 28, 35, 45–6
    Nicolet, Jean, 529
    Nicotiana
    rustica , 216
    tabacum , 199
    see also tobacco
    nicotine, 216
    Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio, 539
    Nigeria, 124
    Nile, River, 103, 104, 375
    Nile Valley, 114
    Nin˜a ,xxv
    9–bp deletion (Asian 9–base-pair deletion), 39
    Nineveh, 285
    Nippur, 275, 276
    Nissen, Hans, 272
    Noah, 161
    Noatak River, 63
    nomads/nomadism, 128, 180, 181, 288–9, 292, 293, 294–5, 296, 297–8 see also pastoralism/pastoral nomadism
    norpseudoephedrine, 176
    Norse myths, 41, 44
    Norte Chico, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 269, 300, 310, 311
    North, Douglas, 455–6, 457
    North America, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52–3, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 78, 84, 96, 100, 101, 110, 111, 115, 157, 161, 172, 181, 189–90, 195–6, 205, 216, 218, 219, 226, 237–43, 244, 259, 287, 403–12, 440–2, 518 see also Canada; United States; names of states
    North Asia, 28, 46 see also names of countries
    North East Asia, 11, 43, 71, 72, 193 see also names of countries
    North-South orientation/movement, 45, 100–2, 114, 115, 503, 504
    North West Pacific coast, 441, 442, 518
    Nowell, April, 78
    numbers/numerals, 101, 373 see also counting system
    Nut, 284
    Nuzi, 273, 282
    Nymphaea caerula , 165
    Nyx, 175
     
    oats, 105, 113
    Oaxaca/Oaxaca Valley, 185, 207, 397, 398, 484
    observatories, 153
    obsidian, 94, 306, 401
    oca, 182
    Oceania, 33, 37, 115, 178, 441
    Odin, 44
    Ogalde, Juan P., 253
    Olgala Sioux, 196
    Ohio, 189, 408, 409
    Oklahoma, 239
    Old Babylonian period, 142
    Old Crow site, 15
    Old Irish, 18
    Old Testament, 296, 349, 368, 369 see also Deuteronomy; Genesis; Jeremiah; Kings, Book of; Pentateuch
    Olman, 301
    Olmec civilisation, 99, 112, 190, 205, 206, 219–20, 226, 228, 229–30, 301–10, 319, 321, 322–3, 381, 392, 397, 401, 402, 413, 423, 434, 437, 513, 515, 541
    Ololiuhqui , 198
    Olsen-Chubbock, 238
    Olympiodorus, 346
    Oman, 33
    onagers, 142
    Onion Portage, 15
    Ontario, 39, 189
    opium/opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ), 165–6, 167, 171, 175, 176, 177, 507
    Oppenheimer, Stephen, 30, 32, 35, 41, 42
    Opuntia (prickly pear cactus), 424
    Oquilluk, William, 61, 62
    oracles, 320, 346
    Oregon, 201, 441
    Orinoco Plain, 228
    Orinoco region, 188, 218
    Orinoco River, xxvii, 103, 229
    Orion, 190
    Ortiz, Ponciano, 306
    Osiris, 44, 165
    Otomanuean language, 188
    Ottoman Turks, 499–500
    Ovando, Juan de, 528
    Ovid, 352
    Oviedo, Fernández de, 529
    oxen, 122, 280, 288, 291, 292, 456
    wild see aurochs
    Oxford, 58, 346, 457
    Oxtotitlán, 306
     
    Pacal, 396
    Pachacamac, 320
    Pachakuti (formerly Yupanqui), 488, 490, 492
    Pachamac, 430
    Pachamama, 215
    Pacific Ocean, 17, 20, 37, 41, 61, 82, 83–4, 89, 95, 96–7, 157, 268, 505
    Pacific Plate, 92, 96, 97
    Pacific Rim, 9, 20, 21, 23, 29, 34, 35, 37, 40, 66, 91–5
    Pacopampa, 311, 312, 321
    Páez Indians, 227–8
    pagan monotheism, 345–7
    Pagden, Anthony, 525, 526
    Pagels, Elaine, 134, 135
    pain, 416, 417, 419, 429–34, 516
    Paine, Thomas, 535
    Pakistan, 4, 5, 24, 82, 85, 86
    Palaeo-Arctic, 16
    Palaeolithic era, 11, 14, 53, 119
    Palenque, 233, 396, 439
    Palestine, 132, 145, 156, 341, 368, 464
    Palido, Dionisius, 94
    Palpa, 382
    Pamirs, 287
    Pampa Grande, 389
    Panama, 67, 124, 200, 429
    panaqa , 492–3, 494
    Pancha-gavya , 292
    Panther Cave, 227
    papacy, 450, 451
    Papaver somniferum see opium/opium poppy
    papaya ( Carica candicans ), 387
    paper, 455, 460
    Paracas peninsula, 312
    Paraguay River, 103
    Paris, University of, 458
    Parmenides, 347, 376, 447
    parrot, 206
    Parry, J. H., 500
    Parthians, 296
    Pasquier, Etienne, 525
    pastoralism/pastoral nomadism, 138, 140, 141, 145–6, 147, 148, 151, 180, 181, 270, 286, 288–90, 292, 293–4, 297, 325, 326, 327, 336, 337–8, 340, 341, 348–50, 358, 381, 460, 461, 462, 507, 508, 509–10, 511, 518
    Patagonia, 538
    Paul, 445, 450
    Pauw, Abbé Corneille/Cornelius de, 532–3, 534
    Pax Mongolica, 462
    peas, 107, 125
    Peganum harmela (Syrian rue), 177, 196
    Peking, 461
    pellagra, 543
    pelvic canal, female, 133–4, 508
    Pennsylvania, 70, 78, 534–5
    Pentateuch, 342
    Peralta, Pedro, 536
    ‘Perforator God’, 419
    Peripatetics, 347
    Pernety, Joseph, 534
    Persephone, 175, 283
    Perseus, 161
    Persia/Persians, 174, 178, 291, 362, 363, 459
    Persian Gulf/Arabian Gulf, 33, 34–5, 44, 102, 260, 460, 462, 464
    Peru, 56, 83, 84, 90, 92, 95, 101, 172, 186, 187, 200, 201, 205, 208,