The Great Divide

209, 216, 249, 250, 252, 253, 255–9, 310–23, 381–4, 386–9, 403, 430, 432, 467, 487–95, 513, 519, 539, 545 see also names of civil-isations; names of places
    Petén, 394, 416, 421
    Petrov, A. M., 287
    Petzinger, Genevieve von, 78
    peyote ( Lophophora williamsii ), 201–2, 203, 207, 219
    phalanx, 359–60, 361
    Pharisees, 345
    Philip II, King, 528
    Philippines, 29, 82, 83, 93, 101
    philosophy, 355, 376–7, 458
    Phoenicians, 367
    Physalis , 305
    Piedras Negras, 421
    Piggott, Stuart, 281
    pigs, 110, 111, 126, 146, 148
    Pinta ,xxv,xxvi
    Pinzón, Martin Alonso, xxvi-xxvii
    Pinzón, Vicente Yán˜ez, xxvi-xxvii
    Piper betel , 178
    Piper methysticum , 178
    pipes, 216–17
    Pirenne, Henri, 444
    Pisa, 451
    Pizarro, Francisco, 490, 495
    Pizarro, Pedro, 493
    plague, bubonic (Black Death), 463–5, 501, 511, 542
    Plains Indians, 196, 237, 518
    Planchón-Peteroa, 94
    plants
    domestication, 100, 105–19, 113, 124–6, 135, 136, 137, 138, 160, 504, 505–6, 512
    psychoactive, 165–7, 175, 176, 177, 178, 193, 194–5, 196–9, 201–5, 207, 208–12, 213–25, 252–3, 305, 315, 317, 326, 387, 400, 428, 506, 512, 519
    Plata River, 103
    Plato, 134, 347, 377
    Platonists, 346, 347, 355, 447
    Pleistocene, 27, 58, 61, 62–3, 68, 76, 127, 195, 207
    Plotinus, 346
    ploughs/ploughing, 109–10, 140–1, 145, 146, 147, 148, 180, 181, 455
    Plumb, Alan, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 159, 260, 263, 269
    Plumed Serpent see Feathered Serpent/Plumed Serpent
    pneumonia, 543
    Pointe St Mathieu, 45
    Point Hope, 61, 63
    poison, 206, 432
    Poland, 77, 167, 389
    polio, 542
    Polos, the, 462
    polygamy, 13–14
    Polykrates, 373
    Polynesia, 41, 43, 44, 101, 518
    Pontic region, 147
    Popacatapetl, 93, 95, 485
    Popol Vuh , 200, 394, 413, 425, 426
    poppy see opium/opium poppy
    porcelain, 174
    Porphyry, 351, 353
    Portugal, 81, 149
    Portuguese, the, 501
    potato, 100, 180, 181–4, 188, 191, 313, 385, 487, 543
    potlatch, 441–2
    pottery see ceramics/pottery
    Potts, Malcolm, 122, 135
    prairies, 287
    Pratz, Le Page du, 408
    Preceramic Period, 267, 268
    Pribilof Islands, 57
    prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia ), 424
    priests/priesthood, 471, 473, 475, 477–8
    printing, 460
    prophets, 341–2
    protein, 106, 107, 108, 111, 148, 191, 268
    Protagoras of Abdera, 363, 377
    Proto-Chimu, 183
    Proto-Indo-European language, 17, 185
    Proto-Italic language, 17
    Proto-Nasca, 183
    Proto-Otomanguean speakers, 188
    Proto-Siniatic, 368
    proto-writing, 163
    Psosopis pallida (huarango trees), 384
    psychoactive substances see alcohol; drugs/narcotics/hallucinogens
    Psylocybe , 200, 400
    aztecorum , 199
    Mexicana , 200–1
    Ptolemy, 501
    Puebla area, Mexico, 423
    Pueblo Bonito, 404, 405
    pueblos, 403–7
    Puget Sound, 58
    Pukcha River basin, 312
    pulque, 400
    pulses, 106, 107
    puma, 183, 232, 311, 313, 488
    Pumallacta, 232
    Puncuri, 311
    punishment, 387–8
    Purcell, Nicholas, 103, 512
    pyramids, 256, 257, 258, 266–7, 301, 302, 304, 310, 312, 383, 386–7, 390, 391, 393, 394, 396, 397, 401, 402, 467, 474, 481
    Pyramid of the Moon, Teotihuacan, 402
    Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan, 401
    Pythagoras, 373, 375
     
    qi , 339
    Qijia culture, 88
    Qilian Shan mountains, 114
    Quechua (people), 488
    Quechua language, 197
    Quercy, 119
    quetzal, 307, 469
    feathers, 307, 308
    Quetzalcoatl, 219, 230, 233, 322–3, 401–2, 421, 436, 469–71, 473, 474, 487
    Quichés, 470
    quinoa, 182, 188, 487
    quipus , 215, 494, 545
    Quito, 490
    Qu’ran, 445
     
    Radin, Paul, 42
    raffia, 107
    Rain Priest Fraternity, 203
    Rampino, Michael, 24
    Ramses II, 276
    Ras Shamra, 368
    Ravi River, 35
    Ray, Nicholas, 11
    reason/rationalism, 324, 363, 444, 445, 446, 458, 459, 510, 530–1
    Red Sea, 4, 6, 27, 260, 461, 464
    Reiche, Maria, 382
    Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 197, 227, 228, 229
    reindeer, 51, 77, 111, 122–3
    Reindeer Tungus, 207
    Reinhard, Johan, 383
    reins, 295, 325
    religion, 97–9, 107, 116, 117, 130, 131, 132, 136–7, 137–8, 149, 154, 164, 181, 192, 194, 222, 224–5, 235, 239, 249, 254, 261, 262, 283–6, 297, 324–57, 366–7, 369, 379, 385, 390, 400, 414–15, 426–7, 443, 478–9, 484, 490–3, 506–8, 510, 511–12, 512–17 see also goddesses; gods; sacrifice; shamanism; temples; names of gods and goddesses; names of religions
    ren , 339
    Renaissance, 465, 525
    Renfrew, Colin, 155
    renouncers ( samnyasins ), 329
    Repenning, Charles, 62
    reproduction (sexual intercourse/birth link), 42, 120, 122, 123–4, 132, 133, 135, 136, 507
    Rhine, River, 456, 464
    Rhineland, 166
    Rhône, River, 456, 464
    rice,