Willpower

Self-Control Failure,” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 933–37.
    30 meta-analysis on ego depletion: M. S. Hagger, C. Wood, C. Stiff, and N. L. D. Chatzisarantis, “Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 136 (2010): 495–525.
    30 intensification of feelings during depletion, and the broader question of what depletion feels like: See K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, N. L. Mead, S. Ramanathan, and B. J. Schmeichel, “Engaging in Self-Control Heightens Urges and Feelings” (manuscript submitted for publication, University of Minnesota, 2010).
    31 A. P.Herbert: Quoted in S. A. Maisto, M. Galizio, G. J. Connors, Drug Use and Abuse (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2008), 152.
    31–32 the quotations from Daryl Bem: From personal conversations and from his conference presentations on that work.
    32 on students’ self-control deteriorating during exam times: See M. Oaten and K. Cheng, “Academic Examination Stress Impairs Self-Control,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005): 254–79 .
    33 German beeper study: See citation in Introduction notes.
    34 on conserving willpower for later demands: M. Muraven, D. Shmueli, and E. Burkley, “Conserving Self-Control Strength,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91 (2006): 524–37.
    36 pulse becomes more erratic: S. C. Segerstrom and L. Solberg Nes, “Heart Rate Variability Reflects Self-Regulatory Strength, Effort, and Fatigue,” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 275–81.
    36 chronic physical pain leaves people with a perpetual shortage of willpower: L. A. Solberg Nes, C. R. Carlson, L. J. Crofford, R. de Leeuw, and S. C. Segerstrom, “Self-Regulatory Deficits in Fibromyalgia and Temporomandibular Disorders,” Pain (in press).
    36 four broad categories of self-regulation: Adumbrated in R. F. Baumeister, T. F. Heatherton, and D. M. Tice, Losing Control: How and Why People Fail at Self-Regulation (San Diego: Academic Press, 1994).

CHAPTER 2: WHERE DOES THE POWER IN WILLPOWER COME FROM?
    40 “Twinkie defense”: Carol Pogash, “Myth of the ‘Twinkie defense,’” San Francisco Chronicle, November 23, 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL .
    40 Melanie Griffith divorce filing: “Rocky Mountain Low,” People, March 28, 1994, http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,20107725,00.html .
    41 glucose and ego depletion: The main source for the first set of studies on glucose and depletion is the Gailliot et al. 2007 article; however, the milkshake study was deleted before the final package was published because he thought the paper was long and other experiments made the point more strongly. M. T. Gailliot, R. F. Baumeister, C. N. DeWall, J. K. Maner, E. A. Plant, D. M. Tice, L. E. Brewer, and B. J. Schmeichel, “Self-Control Relies on Glucose as a Limited Energy Source: Willpower Is More Than a Metaphor,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 (2007): 325–36 .
    44 glucose and self-control literature: The research on literature on glucose and self-control was reviewed and summarized by M. T. Gailliot and R. F. Baumeister, “The Physiology of Willpower: Linking Blood Glucose to Self-Control,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 11 (2007): 303–27 . That article contains original sources and summaries for many of the studies mentioned here. Additional experiments were reported in the Gailliot et al. (2007) JPSP paper.
    46 Jim Turner: Information on his one-man show, “Diabetes: My Struggles with Jim Turner,” can be obtained by writing to [email protected]. More material is at Dlife ( http://www.dlife.com/diabetes/information/dlife_media/tv/jim_turner_index.html ) and in a profile of him by G. Brashers-Krug, “Laughing at Lows,” Voice of the Diabetic 23, no. 3 (Summer edition 2008), http://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/Publications/vod/vod_23_3/vodsum0801.htm .
    48 aggression during computer games: Gailliot and Baumeister ( PSPR, 2007).
    49 self-control in dogs: H. C. Miller, K. F. Pattison, C. N. DeWall, R. Rayburn-Reeves, and T. R. Zentall, “Self-Control Without a ‘Self’?: Common Self-Control Processes in Humans and Dogs,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 534–38.
    50 the findings on glucose counteracting the effects of depletion in dieters’ brains: Reported by Heatherton in his presidential address at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, Texas, in January 2011. See K. Demos, C. Amble, D.