Willpower

).
    101 Closing a door: J. Shin and D. Ariely, “Keeping Doors Open: The Effect of Unavailability on Incentives to Keep Options Open,” Management Science 50 (2004): 575–86.
    103 Hoarding your energy by avoiding compromises: A. Pocheptsova, O. Amir, R. Dhar, and R. F. Baumeister, “Deciding Without Resources: Resource Depletion and Choice in Context,” Journal of Marketing Research 46 (2009): 344–55 . E. J. Masicampo and R. F. Baumeister, “Toward a Physiology of Dual-Process Reasoning and Judgment: Lemonade, Willpower, and Expensive Rule-Based Analysis,” Psychological Science 19 (2008): 255–60 .
    103 car dealers and choice fatigue: J. Levav, M. Heitmann, A. Herrmann, and S. Iyengar, “Order of Product Customization Decisions: Evidence from Field Experiments,” Journal of Political Economics 118 (2010): 274–99.
    104 the negative reaction to having too many choices : Shown in S. S. Iyengar and M. R. Lepper, “When Choice Is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 (2105): 996–1006. Barry Schwartz has elaborated this theme in articles and a book titled Tyranny of Choice.
    105 glucose in soft drinks can counteract short-term thinking: X. T. Wang and R. D. Dvorak, “Sweet Future: Fluctuating Blood Glucose Levels Affect Future Discounting,” Psychological Science 21 (2010): 183–88.
    105 Ingenious study by Margo Wilson: M. Wilson and M. Daly, “Do Pretty Women Inspire Men to Discount the Future?” Biology Letters (proceedings of the Royal Society London, B; Suppl ., DOI 10.1098/rsbl. 2003.0134, online 12/12/2003).
    106 DNA research shows men’s reproductive odds were lower: This work and its implications are discussed at length in R. Baumeister, Is There Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men (New York, Oxford University Press, 2010) as “most underappreciated fact” about gender differences. See also J. A. Wilder, Z. Mobasher, and M. F. Hammer, “Genetic Evidence for Unequal Effective Population Sizes of Human Females and Males,” Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004), 2047–57.

CHAPTER 5: WHERE HAVE ALL THE DOLLARS GONE?
    108 Darwin letter to son: F. Burkhardt, S. Evans, and A. M. Pearn, eds., Evolution: Selected Letters of Charles Darwin, 1860–1870 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 248.
    108 MRI test at Stanford: J. Tierney, “The Voices in My Head Say ‘Buy It!’” New York Times, January 16, 2007.
    109 Aaron Patzer and Mint: See http://www.mint.com/ .
    110 mirror test : A classic paper on the mirror test with primates was G. G. Gallup, “Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition,” Science 167 (1970): 86–87.
    111 early self-awareness studies: Those by Wicklund and Duval were published in the 1970s and most are covered in their book, S. Duval and R. A. Wicklund, A Theory of Objective Self-Awareness (New York: Academic Press, 1972).
    112 Carver and Scheier book with coverage of many experiments: C. S. Carver and M. F. Scheier, Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control Theory Approach to Human Behavior (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981).
    113 the Halloween studies: A. L. Beaman, B. Klentz, E. Diener, and S. Svanum, “Self-Awareness and Transgression in Children: Two Field Studies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979): 1835–46.
    113 alcohol and self-awareness: J. G. Hull, “A Self-Awareness Model of the Causes and Effects of Alcohol Consumption,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 90 (1981): 586–600.
    114 Trollope’s quantified self: Anthony Trollope, An Autobiography of Anthony Trollope (New York: Dodd Mead, 1912), 104–5, 237.
    116 statistics from Rescue Time: T. Wright, “Information Overload: Show Methe Data!” The RescueTime Blog, June 14, 2008, http://blog.rescuetime.com/2008/06/14/information-overload-show-me-the-data/ . See also S. Scheper, “RescueTime Founder, Tony Wright, on Life and Focus,” How to Get Focused, http://howtogetfocused.com/chapters/rescuetime-founder-tony-wright-on-life-and-focus/ .
    117 quantified self: See QuantifiedSelf.com , http://quantifiedself.com ; and Gary Wolf, “Know Thyself: Tracking Every Facet of Life, from Sleep to Mood to Pain,” Wired, June 22, 2009, http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/magazine/17-07/lbnp_knowthyself .
    118 Thomas Jefferson: Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, July 1776; April–July 1803.
    118 Mint.com analysis of spending trends: It is possible to compare a person’s behavior before and after using Mint