Willpower

1978).
    205 studies on paying students for grades and achievements: R. G. Fryer Jr., “Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials” (working paper, Harvard University, EdLabs, and NBER, July 8, 2010), http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/fryer/files/Incentives_ALL_7-8-10.pdf ; see also A. Ripley, “Should Kids Be Bribed to Do Well in School?” Time, April 8, 2010.
    206 “Try to sleep, Bella”: Stephenie Meyer, New Moon (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2006), 52.
    206 Mary Brunton’s novels: For a discussion of Brunton’s career and her novels Self-Control (1811) and Discipline (1814), see H. J. Jackson, “Jane Austen’s Rival,” Times Literary Supplement, April 5, 2006.
    206 “I can never, never afford”: Stephenie Meyer, Twilight (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005), 310.
    207 another discovery about self-control: W. Mischel, “Preference for a Delayed Reinforcement: An Experimental Study of a Cultural Observation,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 56 (1958): 57–61.
    207 deficits on children of single parents: One source is M. R. Gottfredson and T. Hirschi, A General Theory of Crime (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).
    208 Joan McCord: J. McCord, “Some Child-Rearing Antecedents of Criminal Behavior in Adult Men,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (1979): 1477–86.
    209 meta-analysis on marijuana use among children; benefits of parental monitoring: See A. Lac and W. D. Crano, “Monitoring Matters: Meta-Analytic Review Reveals Reliable Linkage of Parental Monitoring with Adolescent Marijuana Use,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 4 (2009): 578–86.
    209 parental monitoring and diabetics: A. Hughes, C. Berg, and D. Wiebe, “Adolescent Problem-Solving Skill and Parental Monitoring Moderate Self-Control Deficits on Metabolic Control in Type 1 Diabetics” (poster presented at Society for Behavioral Medicine meeting; manuscript in preparation).
    210 Mischel and the marshmallow studies: See “Mischel’s studies of delayed gratification” in the notes for the Introduction.
    212 on the Tools of the Mind preschool programs: See A. Diamond, W. S. Barnett, J. Thomas, and S. Munro, “Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control,” Science 318 (2007): 1387–88.
    212 most children aren’t being hurt by playing video games: L. Kutner and C. Olson, Grand Theft Childhood: The Surprising Truth About Video Games (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008).
    213 “gamification”: See J. McGonigal, Reality Is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), and The Gamification Encyclopedia , http://gamification.org/wiki/Encyclopedia .

CHAPTER 10: THE PERFECT STORM OF DIETING
    215 Oprah Paradox: Material about Oprah Winfrey is drawn from her article “How Did I Let This Happen Again?” O, The Oprah Magazine, January 2009, and from her foreword to a book by her trainer, Bob Greene, The Best Life Diet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009).
    216 the King Henry VIII and Oprah Winfrey Effect: John Tierney, “Fat and Happy,” New York Times, April 23, 2005.
    217 meta-analysis of self-control studies: D. De Ridder, G. Lensvelt-Mulders, C. Finkenauer, F. M. Stok, and R. F. Baumeister, “Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Self-Control Affects a Wide Range of Behaviors” (submitted for publication in 2011).
    217 study of overweight college students: A. W. Crescioni, J. Ehrlinger, J. L. Alquist, K. E. Conlon, R. F. Baumeister, C. Schatschneider, and G. R. Dutton, “High Trait Self-Control Predicts Positive Health Behaviors and Success in Weight Loss,” Journal of Health Psychology (in press).
    218 exercise doesn’t necessarily shed pounds: See G. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories : Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 298-99; and G. Kolata, “For the Overweight, Bad Advice by the Spoonful,” New York Times, August 30, 2007.
    218 diets are ineffective and counterproductive: T. Mann, A. J. Tomiyama, E. Westling, A.-M. Lew, B. Samuels, and J. Chatman, “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer,” American Psychologist 62 (2007): 220–33; and G. Kolata, Rethinking Thin: The New Science of Weight Loss—and the Myths and Realities of Dieting (New York: Picador, 2007).
    219 betting on weight loss: N. Burger and J. Lynham, “Betting on Weight Loss . .