Willpower

. and Losing: Personal Gambles as Commitment Mechanisms,” Applied Economics Letters 17 (2010): 12, 1161–66, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21836840902845442 .
    219 “curvaceously thin” impossible dream: K. Harrison, “Television Viewers’ Ideal Body Proportions: The Case of the Curvaceously Thin Woman,” Sex Roles 48, no. 5–6 (2003): 255–64.
    220 diets fail miserably in the long run: C. Ayyad and T. Andersen, “Long-Term Efficacy of Dietary Treatment of Obesity: A Systematic Review of Studies Published Between 1931 and 1999,” Obesity Reviews 1 (2000): 113–19.
    220 what-the-hell effect: C. P. Herman and D. Mack, “Restrained and Unrestrained Eating,” Journal of Personality 43 (1975): 647–60.
    222 monitoring stops after diet is broken: J. Polivy, “Perception of Calories and Regulation of Intake in Restrained and Unrestrained Subjects,” Addictive Behaviors 1 (1976): 237–43.
    222 studies with rigged clocks and shelled nuts: Described in S. Schachter, “Some Extraordinary Facts about Obese Humans and Rats,” American Psychologist 26 (1971): 129–44. See also S. Schachter and J. Rodin, Obese Humans and Rats (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1974). Schachter’s other book from this period, Emotion, Obesity, and Crime, likewise covers much of that material.
    227 depletion in dieters: K. D. Vohs and T. F. Heatherton, “Self-Regulatory Failure: A Resource-Depletion Approach,” Psychological Science 11 (2000): 249–54.
    227 urges and feelings during depletion: K. D. Vohs, R. F. Baumeister, N. L. Mead, S. Ramanathan, and B. J. Schmeichel, “Engaging in Self-Control Heightens Urges and Feelings” (manuscript submitted for publication, University of Minnesota, 2010).
    228 study of candy in desk drawer: J. E. Painter, B. Wansink, and J. B. Hieggelke, “How Visibility and Convenience Influence Candy Consumption,” Appetite 38, no. 3 (June 2002): 237–38.
    229 “implementation intention”: P. M. Gollwitzer, “Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans,” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 493-503.
    230 Obese people cluster together: N. Christakis and J. Fowler, “The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357 (2007):370-79.
    230 members of Weight Watchers shed pounds: S. Heshka, J. W. Anderson, R. L. Atkinson, et al., “Weight Loss with Self-Help Compared with a Structured Commercial Program: A Randomized Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 289, no. 14 (2003):1792–98, http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/14/1792 .
    231 daily weighings are best: R. R. Wing, D. F. Tate, A. A. Gorin, H. A. Raynor, J. L. Fava, and J. Machan, “‘STOP Regain’: Are There Negative Effects of Daily Weighing?” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (2007): 652–56.
    231 scales that transmit weight wirelessly: Two of the better-known brands are Withings and LifeSource.
    232 weight gain among prisoners: See B. Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2006).
    232 people who kept food diary lost more weight: J. F. Hollis, C. M. Gullion, V. J. Stevens, et al., “Weight Loss during the Intensive Intervention Phase of the Weight-Loss Maintenance Trial,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35, no. 2 (2008): 118–26.
    232 “health halo” effects: See P. Chandon and B. Wansink, “The Biasing Health Halos of Fast Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimates and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions,” Journal of Consumer Research 34, no. 3 (October 2007): 301–14; and B. Wansink and P. Chandon, “Can ‘Low-Fat’ Nutrition Labels Lead to Obesity?” Journal of Marketing Research, 43, no. 4 (November 2006): 605–17.
    232 healthy labels create “negative calories”: A. Chernev, “The Dieter’s Paradox,” Journal of Consumer Psychology (scheduled for April 2011 issue; published online in September 2010). Informal study in Park Slope by Tierney, Chandon, and Chernev described in Tierney’s Findings column, “Health Halo Can Hide the Calories,” New York Times, December 1, 2008.
    233 eating in front of the television increases consumption: See B. Wansink, Mindless Eating.
    233 on effects of eating with others: See C. P. Herman, D. A. Roth, and J. Polivy, “Effects of the Presence of Others on Food Intake: A Normative Interpretation,” Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003): 873–86.
    233 the studies with perpetually refilling soup bowl and uncleared chicken