Jerusalem. The Biography

Avi-Yonah, 241, 254–65, including Midrash of Elijah and 20,000 Jewish soldiers quotingEutychius; Salvation Midrash/Book of Zerubbabel, Nehemiah stories 265–8; Jews expelled 269–70. Sebeos,
Histoire d’Héraclius
63–71. See also: A. Courret,
La Prise de Jérusalem par les Perses;
and Norwich 279–91. Arab tribes: Butcher 66–72. Jerusalem chariot-racing: Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in
Cathedra
1.105–19.
Sassanids rise: Farrokh 178–90; Khusrau II 247–61. Sassanians before the Arab conquest: Hugh Kennedy,
The Great Arab Conquests
98–111.
Destruction of Jerusalem: F. Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos: Account of the Sack of Jerusalem’,
English Historical Review
25 (1910) 502–16. City destroyed: Bahat,
Atlas
78–9. Bones of monks in Monastery of St Onufrius:
Archeological Park
137. Jewish role and Lion’s Cemetery where martyrs buried in Mamilla: J. Prawer,
History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
57 and 241. Dan, ‘Circus Factions in Byzantine Palestine’, in
Cathedra
1.105–19, inscription on Blues. Massacre myths: Grabar,
Shape of the Holy
36–43. Traces of a Jewish building on Temple Mount, seventh century but dating from Persian or early Islamic period: Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
99.
8 Heraclius: this is based on Walter E. Kaegi,
Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium
. Treadgold 287–303. Farrokh 256–61. Butcher 76–8. Herrin 84–6. Norwich 291–302. Entering Jerusalem: Conybeare, ‘Antiochus Strategos’ 502–16. Defeated Romans: Koran (trans. M.A.S. Abdel Haleem) 30.1–5. Golden Gate – Byzantine or Umayyad: Bahat,
Atlas
78–9. Goldhill,
City of Longing
126. Heraclius and Jews, Benjamin of Tiberias: Avi-Yonah 260–76. First Crusader: Runciman 1.10–13. Heraclius in Jerusalem: Abu Sufyan’s memory: Kennedy,
Conquests
74; Palestine in decline 31–2. Tsafrir,
Sacred Esplanade
73–99. Heraclius and campaigns: Donner,
Muhammad
17–27; Last Emperor 17–18. Wickham 256–61.
    PART FOUR: ISLAM
     
1 Muhammad: Arabia before Prophet: this is based on the following: Koran; Ibn Ishaq,
Life of Muhammad
; Al-Tabari,
Tarikh: The History of al-Tabari
. Analysis and narrative – for conventional approach: W. Montgomery Watt,
Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
; Karen Armstrong,
Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet
. For new analysis: Donner,
Muhammad
; F. E. Peters,
Muhammad and Jesus, Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives
.
Apocalypse in Koran/Last Days/The Hour: Hour is near: Koran 33.63, 47.18. Hour nigh: Koran 54.1. Koran: Introduction ix–xxxvi. Isra and Miraj: Koran 17.1, 17.60, 53.1–18, 81.19 and 25. Change of
qibla
: Koran 2.142–50; Solomon and djinns in temple: Koran 34.13. Jewish sins and Nebachadnezzar fall of Temple: Koran 17.4–7. Jihad/killing/sword verse/People of the Book/
dhimmi
: Koran 16.125, 4.72–4, 9.38–9, 9.5, 9.29; no compulsion in religion 2.256, 3.3–4, 5.68, 3.64, 29.46. Donner,
Muhammad
27–38; life and rise of Muhammad and limits of his biography 39–50; limits of sources, quotes of Thomas the Presbyter 50–7; beliefs of early Islam, Donner’s theory of Believers vs Muslims and number of mentions in Koran: 57–61; rituals 61–9; ecumenism of early Believers especially attitude to Jews and the
umma
document 72–4; Prophet and Apocalypse 78–82; militant jihad 83–6; ecumenical openness to Jews and Christians – quotations from Donner 87–9; Abu Sufyan and Meccan elite co-opted 92–7.
Ibn Ishaq,
Muhammad
200–10. Jesus meets Moses and Elijah: Mark 9.1–5. Muhammad, mystery of early Islam; doubts of some scholars of entire history before 800, question of conquest, early caliphs: Wickham 279–89. Armstrong,
Muhammad
94;
qibla
107; relations with Jews 102, 111, 161–3.
Muhammad in Syria: Kennedy,
Conquests
77. Early Islam: Chase F. Robinson,
Abd al-Malik
13. Herrin 86–8. Muhammad’s rise: Kennedy,
Conquests
45–7; no one more destitute than us, among us who would bury our daughters, God sent us a well-known man, the best among us, Arabian tribes before Muhammad, letters of Muslim soldiers vs Persians, 47. Letters of Muslim soldiers on Persian conquest: al-Tabari,
Tarikh
1.2269–77, 2411–24; 2442–4; 2457–63. These sources describe the Arab invaders of Persia just after the Palestinian conquest. Sophronius: Peters,
Jerusalem
175. Relations with the Arabian Jewish tribes, first
qibla
etc., Israiliyat: Isaac Hassan, ‘Muslim Literature in Praise of Jerusalem’, in
Cathedra
1.170–2. Importance of advice of