Modern Mind

pages, is recommended. Among other things, it relates Snow’s lecture to the changing map of the disciplines in the last half of the century.
    97. Lionel Trilling, ‘A comment on the Leavis-Snow Controversy,’
Universities Quarterly,
volume 17, 1962, pages 9–32. Collini,
Op. cit.,
pages xxxviiiff.
    98. The subject was first debated on television in 1968. See: Philip Snow,
Op. cit.,
page 147.

CHAPTER 27: FORCES OF NATURE
    1. Michael Polanyi,
Science, Faith and Society,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946.
    2.
Ibid.,
page 14.
    3.
Ibid.,
page 19.
    4.
Ibid.,
pages 6off.
    5. Julian Symons, Introduction to: George Orwell,
1984,
Everyman’s Library, 1993, page xvi. See also Ben Pimlott’s Introduction to Penguin paperback edition, 1989.
    6.
James Burnham, The Managerial Revolution, or What is Happening in the World Now, New York: Putnam, 1941.
    7. For the problem in physics see: Paul R. Josephson,
Physics and Politics in Revolutionary Russia,
Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1991. For the Lysenko problem in Communist China, see: Laurence Schneider, ‘Learning from Russia: Lysenkoism and the Fate of Genetics in China, 1950–1986,’ in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman (editors),
Science and Technology in PostMao China,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Council on East Asian Studies/Harvard University Press, 1989, pages 45–65.
    8.
Krementsov, Stalinist Science, Op. cit., page 115.
    9.
Ibid.,
page 107.
    10.
Ibid.,
pages 129–131, 151 and 159.
    11.
Ibid.,
pages 160 and 165.
    12.
Ibid.,
page 169.
    13.
Ibid.,
pages 174, 176 and 179.
    14.
Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson, ‘Birth of an Era’, Scientific American: Special Issue: ‘Solid State Century: The Past, Present and Future of the Transistor’, 22 January 1998, page 10.
    15. S. Millman (editor),
A History of Engineering and
Science in
the Bell Systems: Physical Sciences
(1923–1980), Thousand Oaks, California: Bell Laboratories, 1983, pages 97ff.
    16. Riordan and Hoddeson, Op.
cit.,
page 11.
    17.
Ibid.
    18.
Ibid.
    19.
Ibid.,
page 14.
    20. Brian Winston,
Media, Technology and Society: A History from the Telegraph to the Internet,
London and New York: Routledge, 1998, pages 216–217. And Chris Evans,
The Mighty Micro,
London: Gollancz, 1979, pages 49–50.
    21.
Frank H. Rockett, ‘The Transistor,’ Scientific American: Special Issue: ‘Solid State Century: The Past, Present and Future of the Transistor’, 22 January 1998, pages 18ff.
    22.
Ibid.,
page 19.
    23. Winston,
Op. cit.,
page 213.
    24. Riordan and Hoddeson,
Op. cit.,
pages 14–15.
    25.
Ibid.,
page 13.
    26. Though the publicity helped the sales of the transistor. See: Winston,
Op. cit.,
page 219.
    27.
Ibid.,
page 221.
    28. Paul Strathern,
Crick, Watson and DNA,
London: Arrow, 1997, pages 37–38. James D. Watson,
The Double Helix,
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968; Penguin paperback, 1990, page 20.
    29. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 42.
    30.
Ibid.,
page 44.
    31. For rival groups, and the state of research at the time, see: Bruce Wallace,
The Search for the Gene, Op. cit.,
pages 108ff.
    32. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 45.
    33. Watson, Op.
cit.,
page 25.
    34. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 49.
    35.
Ibid.,
pages 50–53.
    36. Watson, Op.
cit.,
page 79.
    37. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 56.
    38. Watson, Op.
cit.,
pages 82–83. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
pages 57–58.
    39. Watson, Op.
cit.,
page 91. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 60.
    40. Watson, Op.
cit.,
page 123.
    41. According to Pauling’s biographer, Thomas Hager, ‘Historians have speculated that the denial of Pauling’s passport for the May Royal Society meeting was critical in preventing him from discovering the structure of DNA, that if he had attended he would have seen Franklin’s work …’ Hager,
Force of Nature, Op. cit.,
page 414.
    42. Strathern,
Op. cit.,
pages
70–71.
    43. There was mutual respect. Pauling already wanted Crick to come to Caltech. See Hager,
Op. cit.,
page 414. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 72.
    44. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 81.
    45.
Ibid.,
page 84, where there is a useful diagram.
    46. Watson, Op.
cit.,
page 164.
    47. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
page 82.
    48. Watson wrote an epilogue about her in his book, praising her courage and integrity. He admitted, too late, that he had been wrong about her. Watson, Op.
cit.,
pages 174–175. Strathern, Op.
cit.,
pages 83–84.
    49. Alan Shepard and Deke Slayton,
Moon Shot,
New York: Turner/Virgin, 1994, page 37.
    50.
James Harford, Korolev: How One Man