The German Genius

out of the European (English, French, Italian) Enlightenment.
8. See Walther Hofer, Geschichtschreibung und Weltanchauung: Betrachtungen zum Werk Friedrich Meineckes (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1950), pp. 232ff., for ideas about causality.
9. G. P. Gooch, History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 12.
10. Thorkild Hansen, Arabia Felix: The Danish Expedition of 1761–1767 , trans. James and Kathleen McFarlane (London: Collins, 1964), p. 34.
11. Gooch, History and Historians , p. 23.
12. James M. McGlathery, ed., The Brothers Grimm and Folklore (Illinois University Press, 1988), especially pp. 66ff., 91ff., 164ff., and 205ff. For their links to Savigny, see Gabriele Seitz, Die Brüder Grimm: Leben-Werk-Zeit (Munich: Winkler, 1984), 37ff. With many amusing drawings.
13. Gooch, History and Historians , pp. 55–57.
14. There are many editions of the Grimm folk tales and myths. I have used the “complete edition” with illustrations by Josef Scharl (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948). The drawings/paintings interspersed in the text maintain the mood of the stories.
15. Gooch, History and Historians , pp. 67–68.
16. Ibid., p. 102. See also Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ed., Leopold von Ranke und die moderne Geschichtswissenshaft (Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1988), which explores the links between Ranke and Hegel and Ranke and Darwin. With essays by Peter Burke, Rudolf Vierhaus, and Thomas Nipperdey. See also Theodore H. von Laue, Leopold Ranke: The Formative Years , Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950.
17. Gooch, History and Historians , p. 79.
18. Hanno Helbling, Leopold von Ranke und der historisches Stil (Zurich: J. Weiss, 1953).
19. Gooch, History and Historians , p. 88.
20. Helbling, Leopold von Ranke , pp. 70ff.
21. Gooch, History and Historians , p. 102.
22. For a discussion of Ranke’s view of politics, see Laue, Leopold Ranke , pp. 139ff. and pp. 181ff. for his essay on the Great Powers.
23. Iggers, Leopold von Ranke , p. 10.
24. For Ranke’s legacy, see Hans Heinz Krill, Die Rankerenaissance: Max Lenz und Erich Marcks: Ein Beitrag zum historisch-politischen Denken in Deutschland, 1880–1935 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1962). See also Friedrich Meinecke, Ausgewählter Briefwechsel , ed. Ludwig Dehio and Peter Classen (Stuttgart: K. F. Koehler, 1962). The many references to Ranke in Meinecke’s copious correspondence, more than to any other figure, except Burckhardt and Bismarck, show the influence of the man.
25. Iggers, Leopold von Ranke , pp. 18–21.
    C HAPTER 13: T HE H EROIC A GE OF B IOLOGY
     
1. John Buckingham, Chasing the Molecule (Stroud: Sutton, 2004), p. 1.
2. His priority was suspect even at the time of the celebration. See also Susanna Rudofsky and John H. Wotiz, “Psychiatrists and the Dream Accounts of August Kekulé,” Ambix 25 (1988): 31–38.
3. Buckingham, Chasing the Molecule , p. 2.
4. Ibid., p. 29.
5. Jacob Volhard, Justus von Liebig. 2 vols. (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1909).
6. For Berzelius, see Eran M. Melhado and Tore Frängsmyr, eds., Enlightenment Science in the Romantic Era: The Chemistry of Berzelius and the Cultural Setting (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Chapter 5, by Alan J. Rocke, is on Berzelius’s role in the development of organic chemistry. Chapter 8, by John Hadley Brooke, looks at dualism and the rise of organic chemistry.
7. Melhado and Frängsmyr, Enlightenment Science , pp. 171ff, for Isomorphism.
8. August Wilhelm Hofmann, The Life-Work of Liebig: Faraday Lecture for 1875 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1876). Quoted in Buckingham, Chasing the Molecule , p. 107.
9. Buckingham, Chasing the Molecule , p. 109.
10. Ibid., p. 112.
11. Ibid., p. 115.
12. Ibid., p. 118. Many derivatives of benzene—vanilla and cinnamon among others—had in fact been known since ancient times as pleasant-smelling oils and spices. Von Liebig was to derive the name “benzene” from benzoic acid, obtained from the gum benzoin, a product of the East Indies.
13. E. Mitscherlich, “Über das Benzol und die Sauren der Oel-und Talgarten,” Liebig’s Annalen 9 (1834): 39–56.
14. Buckingham, Chasing the Molecule , p. 122.
15. Édouard Grimaux and Charles Gerhardt Jr., Charles Gerhardt: Sa vie, son oeuvre, sa correspondence (Paris: Masson, 1900), p. ii.
16. C. A. Russell, A History of Valency (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1971), p. 83.
17. Richard Anschütz, August Kekulé. 2 vols. (Berlin: Verlag Chemie, 1929),