The German Genius

54.
30. Heinz Frederick Peters, Red Jenny: A Life with Karl Marx (London: Allen & Unwin, 1986).
31. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , pp. 59–60. There had been a plan at one stage for the paper to be edited by an equally colorful economist, Friedrich List. List, from Württemberg, had spent time in jail for advocating political reform a little too ardently and had been forced to emigrate to the United States, returning eventually to Leipzig as U.S. Consul. His theories had Keynesian overtones (he advocated some government intervention in the economy), but he was chiefly known for his theory of “national economics,” that national economies should always be viewed as a whole and that, therefore, the interests of the majority should always come first.
32. Ibid., p. 61.
33. Ibid., p. 63.
34. Bertell Ollmann, Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971). See Part 2 for Marx’s conception of human nature.
35. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , p. 80.
36. Ibid., p. 84.
37. Ollmann, Alienation . See Part 3, pp. 168ff., for the theory of alienation and the labor theory of value.
38. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , p. 90.
39. Ibid., p. 94.
40. Ollmann, Alienation , p. 215.
41. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , p. 99.
42. Mark Cowling, ed., The Communist Manifesto: New Interpretations (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998).
43. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , p. 104.
44. Ibid., p. 105.
45. For a history of the book, see Francis Wheen, Marx’s “Das Kapital”: A Biography (London: Atlantic Books, 2006).
46. Ollmann, Alienation , p. 168.
47. Mazlish, Meaning of Karl Marx , p. 111.
48. Ibid., p. 113.
49. Ibid., p. 115.
50. Ibid., p. 150.
51. J. D. Hunley, The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1991), p. 1.
52. The attraction of the two men to each other has been explored by Terrell Carver in his Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Relationship (London: Wheatsheaf Books, 1983).
53. Hans Peter Bleuel, Friedrich Engels: Bürger und Revolutionär; Die zeitgerechte Biographie eines grossen Deutschen (Bern: Scherz, 1981).
54. Hunley, Life and Thought , pp. 10 and 14.
55. Engels wasn’t alone in his concern. See Michael Levin, The Condition of England Question: Carlyle, Mill, Engels (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1981).
56. Tristram Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 243. Hunley, Life and Thought , p. 17.
57. Hunley, Life and Thought , p. 24.
58. Carver, Marx and Engels , p. 144.
59. Hunley, Life and Thought , p. 40.
60. Gérard Bekerman, Marx and Engels: A Conceptual Concordance , trans. Terrell Carver (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).
61. Hunley, Life and Thought , p. 108.
62. Ibid., p. 123.
63. Hunt, The Frock-Coated Communist , pp. 280–281. Franz Neubauer, Marx-Engels Bibliographie (Boppard am Rhein: Boldt, 1979). Carver says their relations were “unruffled” to the end but after Marx’s death Engels “established a series of ambiguities that would otherwise have been fairly (though not completely) straightforward issues.” For these see the first chapter of his Marx and Engels , titled “Second Fiddle?”
    C HAPTER 12: G ERMAN H ISTORICISM :
“A U NIQUE E VENT IN THE H ISTORY OF I DEAS ”
     
1. George G. Iggers, Leopold von Ranke and the Shaping of the Historical Discipline (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1990), pp. 38–39.
2. Ibid., p. 40.
3. Ibid., p. 42.
4. Ibid., p. 57.
5. Hermann Klencke, Lives of the Brothers Humboldt, Alexander and William , translated and arranged from the German of Klencke by Gustav Schlesier (London: Ingra, Cook & Co., 1852).
6. Iggers, Leopold von Ranke , p. 61.
7. Meinecke’s views are set out in Staat und Persönlichkeit (Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn, 1933), which has chapters on Troeltsch, Stein, Humboldt, and Droysen (see Chapter 21 of this book). See also Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’État and Its Place in Modern History , trans. Douglas Scott (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957). This book looks at the links between Machiavellism, Idealism, and Historicism in German history, pp. 343ff. In Cosmopolitanism and the National State , trans. Robert B. Kimber (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), Meinecke looks at Humboldt, Schlegel, and Fichte. In Historicism: The Rise of a New Historical Outlook (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), he explores how the German movement grew