The German Genius

Philosophy , p. 316.
43. Thomas H. Brobjer, Nietzsche’s Philosophical Context: An Intellectual Biography (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008).
44. Safranski, Nietzsche , pp. 184–185.
45. “Your true being does not lie buried deep within you, but rather immeasurably high above you or at least above what you normally take to be your ego.” Safranski, Nietzsche , p. 260.
46. Franz, Graf zu Solms-Laubach, Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2007). Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 319.
47. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 334.
48. Köhler, Nietzsche and Wagner , pp. 141ff.
49. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , pp. 336–337.
    C HAPTER 17: P HYSICS B ECOMES K ING :
H ELMHOLTZ , C LAUSIUS , B OLTZMANN , R IEMANN
     
The title for this chapter is taken from Iwan Rhys Morus, When Physics Became King (London: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
1. Dictionary of Scientific Biography , IX, pp. 235–240.
2. Ken Caneva, Robert Mayer and the Conservation of Energy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
3. P. M. Harman, Energy, Force and Matter: The Conceptual Development of Nineteenth-Century Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 144. J. C. Poggendorff, Annalen der Physik und Chemie (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1824).
4. Harman, Energy , p. 145.
5. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 77.
6. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), pp. 97–98.
7. Harman, Energy , p. 1.
8. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 47.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., p. 48.
11. Mary Jo Nye, Before Big Science: The Pursuit of Modern Chemistry and Physics, 1800–1940 (New York: Twayne, 1996), pp. 3, 10–11.
12. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 63.
13. Ibid., p. 55.
14. Marcel Du Sautoy, The Music of the Primes: Why an Unsolved Problem in Mathematics Matters (London: Harper Perennial, 2004), p. 95.
15. Christa Jungnickel and Russell McCormmach, The Intellectual Mastery of Nature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), vol. 1, p. 164. Quoted in Morus, When Physics , p. 147. See also Yehuda Elkana, The Discovery of the Conservation of Energy (London: Hutchinson, 1974).
16. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 45.
17. Ibid., p. 42.
18. Harman, Energy , p. 146.
19. Rudolf Clausius, “Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen,” Annalen der Physik und Chemie 173, no. 3 (1857): 353–380. Quoted in Harman, Energy , pp. 147–148.
20. Dictionary of Scientific Biography , III, pp. 303–310.
21. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 53. For the Carnot-Clausius link, see George Birt-whistle, The Principle of Thermodynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1931), pp. 25–38.
22. Harman, Energy , p. 148.
23. Ibid., p. 149.
24. Ibid., p. 150.
25. Lewis Campbell and William Garnett, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell (London: Macmillan, 1882), p. 143.
26. Morus, When Physics Became King , p. 65.
27. Ibid., p. 68.
28. For more background, see Ted Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820–1900 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983).
29. For accounts in English, see Brian McGuinness, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems; Selected Writings (Dordrecht, The Netherlands, and Boston: D. Reidel, 1974), pp. 83–87 and 217–219. See Engelbert Broda, Ludwig Boltzmann: Mensch, Physiker, Philosoph (Vienna: Franz Deuticke), 1955, pp. 57–66 and pp. 74ff. for his views on heat death.
30. Carlo Cercignani, Ludwig Boltzmann: The Man Who Trusted Atoms (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), especially pp. 120ff., for the statistical interpretation of entropy. This book also contains some amusing cartoons of Boltzmann by Karl Przibram.
31. Carl Boyer, A History of Mathematics. 2nd ed., rev. by Uta C. Merzbach (New York: Wiley, 1991), p. 496.
32. Ibid., p. 497.
33. Ibid., p. 507.
34. For the relationship between Klein, Riemann, Dirichlet, and Weierstrass, see the very readable biography by Constance Reid, Hilbert (London/Berlin: George Allen and Unwin/Springer-Verlag, 1970), pp. 65ff.
35. Boyer, History , p. 545.
36. Ibid., p. 555.
37. Du Sautoy, Music of the Primes , p. 79.
38. For the correspondence between Klein and David Hilbert, with references to Dirichlet, Dedekind, Einstein, Husserl, Nernst, Poincaré and Weierstrass, see Günther Frei, Der Briefwechsel David Hilbert–Felix Klein (1886–1918) (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,