The German Genius

1985).
39. Reid, Hilbert, pp. 45–46.
40. Boyer, History , p. 550.
    C HAPTER 18: T HE R ISE OF THE L ABORATORY : S IEMENS , H OFMANN , B AYER , Z EISS
     
1. Werner von Siemens, Inventor and Entrepreneur: Recollections of Werner von Siemens (London/Munich: Lund Humphries/Prestel), 1966, p. 23.
2. Ibid., p. 42.
3. For details of Halske, see Georg Siemens, History of the House of Siemens , trans. A. F. Rodger (Freiburg/Munich: Karl Alber, 1957), vol. 1, pp. 19f.; and Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Werner von Siemens: Erfinder und internationaler Unternehmer (Munich: Piper, 1996).
4. Siemens, Inventor , p. 71.
5. Ibid., p. 229.
6. For later developments, see Siemens, Inventor , vol. 1, pp. 300ff., and vol. 2, passim.
7. Diarmuid Jeffreys, Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), pp. 56–57.
8. Ibid., p. 43.
9. Rudolf Benedikt, The Chemistry of the Coal-Tar Colours , trans. E. Knecht (London: George Bell, 1886), pp. 1–2.
10. Jeffreys, Aspirin , p. 45.
11. John Joseph Beer, The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1959), p. 3.
12. Ibid., p. 10.
13. For the chemical composition/structure of aniline, toluidine, and rosaniline, see Benedikt, Chemistry , pp. 76ff.
14. Beer, Emergence , pp. 28–29.
15. Ibid., p. 44.
16. Ibid., p. 53.
17. Ibid., p. 57.
18. Ibid., p. 61.
19. Ibid., p. 90.
20. For the links between dyes, colored inks, sweeteners, drugs, and photographic chemicals, see Thomas Beacall, et al., Dyestuffs and Coal-Tar Products (London: Crosby Lockwood, 1916).
21. Beer, Emergence , p. 97.
22. Ibid., p. 88.
23. Ibid., p. 100.
24. Ibid., p. 115.
25. Ibid., p. 120.
26. See, for example, Josiah E. DuBois, in collaboration with Edward Johnson, Generals in Grey Suits: The Directors of the International “I.G. Farben” Cartel, Their Conspiracy and Trial at Nuremberg (London: Bodley Head, 1953).
27. Erik Verg, et al., Milestones (Leverkusen: Bayer AG, 1988). Quoted in Jeffreys, Aspirin , p. 58.
28. Jeffreys, Aspirin , p. 62.
29. Ibid., p. 63.
30. Ibid., p. 64.
31. Ibid., p. 65.
32. Ibid., p. 71.
33. Ibid., p. 72.
34. “Pharmakologisches über Aspirin-Acetylsalicylsäure,” Archiv für die gesammte Physiologie, 1999. Quoted in Jeffreys, Aspirin , p. 73. No author or page references given.
35. Jeffreys, Aspirin , p. 73.
36. Diarmuid Jeffreys devotes a chapter of his book about aspirin to what he calls “the aspirin age,” about the way Bayer’s assets were dispersed in America after World War I. He also traces its role in the IG Farben cartel scandal. In The Aspirin Age, 1919–1941 , written by Samuel Hopkins Adams but edited by Isabel Leighton (London: Bodley Head, 1950), she distinguishes a time, between the world wars, when—ironically—she seems to feel the world needed the sort of pick-me-up aspirin provides.
37. Edith Hellmuth and Wolfgang Mühlfriedel, Zeiss 1846–1905 , vol. 1 of Carl Zeiss: Die Geschichte eines Unternehmens (Weimar/Cologne/Vienna: Böhlau, 1996), esp. pp. 59–113, “Die wissenschaftliche Grundlegung der modernen Mikroskopfertigung.”
38. For an English—but much older—account, see Felix Auerbach, The Zeiss Works and the Carl Zeiss Stiftung in Jena , trans. S. F. Paul and F. J. Cheshire (London: Marshall, Brookes & Chalkley, 1927). This book contains a list of the most important Zeiss inventions.
39. The Great Age of the Miscroscope is a catalog produced by the Royal Microscopical Society of the United Kingdom, to mark its 150th anniversary. The society was the first to be formed with a scientific instrument as its focus. The catalog consists of mainly British but also French and German instruments.
40. Just as the microscope is the symbol of the laboratory, so the laboratory is the symbol of science. In Tales from the Laboratory (Munich: Iudicium, 2005), editor Rüdiger Görner introduces a series of essays about the influence of science on German literature. See in particular the essay by Dieter Wuttke, “From the Laboratory of a Cultural Historian,” about how the spectacular advances of laboratory science in Germany in the nineteenth century opened up and entrenched the division between the sciences and the humanities. As will be seen in later chapters, this had tragic consequences for Germany.
    C HAPTER 19: M ASTERS OF M ETAL : K RUPP , B ENZ , D IESEL , R ATHENAU
     
1. Peter Batty, The House of Krupp (London: Secker & Warburg, 1966), p. 46.
2. Wilhem Berdrow, Alfred Krupp . 3 vols. (Berlin: Von Reimar