The German Genius

Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 53 and 61. J. Conrad, Das Universitätsstudium in Deutschland (Jena, 1884), p. 25. Quoted in Diehl, Americans , pp. 63–64.
39. Diehl, Americans , p. 116.
40. Ibid., p. 141. And see Jerry Brown, The Rise of Biblical Criticism (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969).
41. Hans W. Gatzke, Germany and the United States: A “Special Relationship?” (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 30.
42. Faust, German Element , vol.1, p. 438.
43. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 261.
44. Ibid., p. 369.
45. Ibid., p. 401.
    C HAPTER 16: W AGNER ’s O THER R ING —F EUERBACH ,
S CHOPENHAUER , N IETZSCHE
     
1. Bryan Magee, Wagner and Philosophy (London: Penguin, 2000/2001), p. 1. This chapter is heavily reliant on Mr. Magee’s excellent book.
2. Ibid., p. 3.
3. Joachim Köhler, Richard Wagner: The Last of the Titans , trans. Stewart Spencer, (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 140.
4. For Wagner’s Hegelianism, see Paul Lawrence Rose, Wagner: Race and Revolution (London: Faber & Faber, 1992), pp. 28–31 and 62. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 35.
5. Köhler, Richard Wagner , pp. 270–271.
6. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 14.
7. Köhler, Richard Wagner , p. 261.
8. Marx W. Wartofsky, Feuerbach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 322.
9. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 52.
10. For the way Feuerbach presaged Freud in certain ways, see S. Rawidowicz, Ludwig Feuerbachs Philosophie: Ursprung und Schicksal (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1964).
11. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , pp. 72–73.
12. Ibid., p. 76.
13. Ibid., p. 93.
14. Köhler, Richard Wagner , pp. 418–419.
15. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , pp. 145–146.
16. Rüdiger Safranski, Schopenhauer und die wilden Jahre der Philosophie (Munich: Carl Hanser, 1977), pp. 484ff. For background, I have used Dale Jacquette, ed., Schopenhauer, Philosophy, and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
17. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 162.
18. Ibid., p. 164.
19. Lawrence Ferrara, “Schopenhauer on Music as the Embodiment of Will,” in Jacquette, ed. Schopenhauer , pp. 185ff.
20. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , pp. 166–167.
21. Ibid., p. 168.
22. Köhler, Richard Wagner , pp. 421–425.
23. Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays , trans. by E. J. F. Payne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), vol. 2, p. 287. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 171.
24. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 193.
25. Rudolph Sabor, Richard Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen; A Companion Volume (London: Phaidon, 1997).
26. Ferrara, “Schopenhauer on Music,” p. 186.
27. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 209.
28. Köhler, Richard Wagner , p. 537. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 209.
29. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 231.
30. Joachim Köhler devotes 35 pp. of his Wagner biography to Parsifal and includes many details about a rival to Cosima, pp. 588–623.
31. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , p. 289.
32. He was also a great stylist in the language. See Heinz Schlaffer, Das entfesselte Wort: Nietzsches Stil und seine Folgen (Munich: Hanser, 2007).
33. Martin Ruehl, “Politeia 1871: Nietzsche contra Wagner on the Greek State,” in Ingo Gild-enhard, et al., eds., Out of Arcadia: Classics and Politics in Germany in the Age of Burckhardt, Nietzsche, and Wilamowitz (London: Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2003), p. 72.
34. Joachim Köhler, Nietzsche and Wagner: A Lesson in Subjugation , trans. Ronald Taylor. (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 55. See also George Liébert, Nietzsche and Music , trans. David Pellauer and Graham Parkes. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). Wagner even asked Nietzsche’s help to buy underclothes.
35. Rüdiger Safranski, Nietzsche: A Philosophical Biography , trans. Shelley Frisch (London: Granta, 2002), p. 63.
36. Joachim Köhler, Zarathustra’s Secret: The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche , trans. Ronald Taylor (New Haven, Conn., and London: Yale University Press, 2002), p. 93.
37. Magee, Wagner and Philosophy , pp. 299–300.
38. Ibid., p. 306.
39. Ibid., p. 309.
40. Ibid., p. 313.
41. “Schopenhauer as Educator,” quoted in Lydia Goehr, “Schopenhauer and the Musicians: An Inquiry into the Sounds of Silence and the Limits of Philosophising about Music,” in Jacquette, ed., Schopenhauer , p. 216.
42. Magee, Wagner and